Roman shipbuilding and navigation 2

Roman shipbuilding and navigation 2 罗马造船和航海

Warships and merchant ships

Warships were designed so that theywere　6　and moved quickly. They often remained afloat after battles andwere able to sail close to land as they lacked any additional weight. Abattering ram made of　7　was included in the design for attacking and damaging the timber andoars of enemy ships.Warships, such as the 'trireme',had rowers on three different　8   Unlike warships, merchantships had a broad　9 　that lay far below the surface of the sea. Merchant ships weresteered through the water with the help of large rudders and a tiller bar. Theyhad both square and　10　sails. On merchant ships and warships,　11 　was used to ensure rowers moved theiroars in and out of the water at the same time.Quantities of agricultural goods such as　12 　were transported by merchant ships to two main portsin Italy. The ships were pulled to the shore by　13  When the weather was clearand they could see islands or land, sailors used landmarks that they knew tohelp them navigate their route.

3段

Warships were built to be lightweightand very speedy.

确定  lightweight

3段

They had a bronzebattering ram

确定  bronze

4段

The 'trireme' was the dominant warshipfrom the 7th to 4th century BCE. It had rowers in the top,middle and lower levels,

trireme  [ˈtraɪriːm]  (古希腊和罗马人的)三层划桨战船

确定  levels

5段

They had a widerhull,

确定 hull

5段

They had from one to three masts withlarge square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow.

triangular  [traɪˈæŋɡjələ(r)]  三角形的

5段

In order to assist them, music would be playedon an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.

确定  music

6段

agricultural products (e.g. grain

确定  grain

6段

Large merchant ships would approach thedestination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would dragthem to the quay.

tow  [təʊ]  v.拖，拉   towboat  拖船