英语语法English Grammar

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一.独立主格

独立主格结构的构成:名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;

名词(代词)+形容词;

名词(代词)+副词;

名词(代词)+不定式;

名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 

独立主格结构的特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。

   2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。

   3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

  例如:

  The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假。

  The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

  Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许,我们明天去看你。

  This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。

  The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.  会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。

  He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻得红通通的。

  He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆

2 with的复合结构作独立主格

  表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构:with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如:

   He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。

  典型例题

  The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A. being tied  B. having tied  C. to be tied  D. tied  

  答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.  

注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如:A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)劫匪冲进房间,手里拿着刀。

2) 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。例如:

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

他躺在那儿,牙紧咬,双手握拳,两眼直勾勾看着上面。

典型例题:

  Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

  A permitted  B permitting  C permits  D for permitting

  答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。

  如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

二.1 倒装句之全部倒装

  全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:

 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如:

   Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。

   Here is your letter. 你的信。

 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。例如:

   Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。

   Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。

  注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如:

Here he comes. 他来了。    

Away they went. 他们走开了。

2 倒装句之部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。

 1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如:

   Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。

   Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。

   Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。

  当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。注意:如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如:

   I have never seen such a performance.

   The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

典型例题  

1) Why can't I smok
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