Asthma
Wheezing喘息；asthma attack哮喘发作；relievers缓解性药物；controllers控制性药物；inhaler 吸入器；spacers 储雾罐；nebulizer 雾化器
Asthma is a health problem that can make it hard to breathe. This can be very frustrating and scary. For kids, it can make them miss a lot of school. But - if you know what to do, asthma can be controlled. With the help of parents, teachers, nurses, and doctors, the good news is that children with asthma can live healthy, active lives. They can go to school, play sports, play the trumpet--or whatever they love to do!
哮喘是一个健康问题，会使人难以呼吸，非常令人沮丧和害怕。它可能会让孩子错过学校，但是其实哮喘是可以控制的。在父母、老师、护士和医生的帮助下，患有哮喘的孩子可以健康、积极地生活。他们可以去学校，做运动，吹小号——或者做任何他们喜欢做的事情!
病理
When you breathe, air moves from your nose or mouth into your lungs by passing through small tubes, called airways. People with asthma have trouble breathing because these airways get narrower, making it hard for air to move in and out. Let’s take a closer look at the airways inside the lungs. One reason that asthma makes it hard to breathe is that it causes a lot of irritation and swelling, making the walls of the airways get thick. The muscles around the airways also get irritated and squeeze, making them even more narrow. With asthma, the irritation also leads to more mucus, which can clog the airways. Breathing with asthma can feel like breathing through a thin straw - it is hard to move air in and out, and can be very tiring.
呼吸时，空气从鼻子或嘴进入肺部，通过的小管道被称为气道。哮喘患者呼吸困难，是因为气道变窄，导致空气很难进出。仔细看看肺部的气管。哮喘使呼吸变得困难的一个原因是会引起许多刺激和肿胀，使呼吸道管壁变厚。气道周围的肌肉也受到刺激和挤压，使气道变地更窄。对于哮喘患者来说，刺激也会导致粘液增多，堵塞呼吸道。哮喘患者的呼吸感觉像通过一根细吸管呼吸——空气进出很难，也很累。
症状
Asthma is different for everyone. The most common symptoms are coughing, chest tightness, getting tired easily, and wheezing. Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound that comes from the air trying to get in and out of the lungs through narrow airways. In some children, cough may be the only symptom, and may increase at night or while napping,making it hard to sleep. Some people with asthma have symptoms almost every day. Others have symptoms once every few months. But asthma is a chronic disease, which means it never really goes away, so people with asthma should always have their medications ready.
虽然因人而异，但哮喘最常见的症状是咳嗽、胸闷、容易疲劳、气喘。喘息是一种高音调的口哨声，是空气试图通过狭窄的气道进出肺部产生的。在一些儿童中，咳嗽可能是唯一的症状，而且可能在夜间或午睡时加重，使人难以入睡。有些哮喘患者几乎每天都有症状。其他人每隔几个月会出现症状。但是哮喘是一种慢性疾病，这意味着它永远不会消失，所以哮喘患者应该随时准备好药物。
Sometimes, asthma symptoms can suddenly get worse. This is called an asthma attack. During an asthma attack, it can be so hard to breathe that it is hard to talk. If a child is having an asthma attack, you might be able to see them using muscles in their neck, or between the ribs, to help breathe. Severe asthma attacks are dangerous, require medicine, and may require going to the hospital! Talk to your doctor, so you know what to do.
有时，哮喘的症状会突然恶化，叫做哮喘发作。哮喘发作时，呼吸困难以至于不能说话。如果一个孩子哮喘发作，可能会看到他们用脖子上的肌肉，或者肋间肌来帮助呼吸。严重的哮喘发作非常危险，需要药物控制，而且可能需要去医院! 和你的医生谈谈，这样你就知道该怎么做了。
诱因
An asthma trigger is something that makes your asthma symptoms start up or get worse. Everyone has different triggers, but a common one is cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke can be harmful even when not in the air because it can get caught in clothes and furniture and still trigger asthma. Other causes inside the house can be things like dust, pets, cockroaches, mold, strong perfumes, and cleaning products. Triggers outside the house can be things like cold air, pollen, grass, and air pollution. Asthma can also be triggered by getting sick with a cold, flu, or other illness.
哮喘刺激物会使你的哮喘症状出现或恶化。每个人都有不同的诱因，但最常见的是吸烟。即使不在空气中香烟烟雾也是有害的，因为它可能会藏在衣服和家具，也会引发哮喘。室内的其他原因可能包括灰尘、宠物、蟑螂、霉菌、浓烈的香水和清洁产品。房子外面的诱因可能是冷空气、花粉、草地和空气污染。哮喘也可以由感冒、流感或其他疾病引起。
Knowing your triggers and staying away from them can help you control your asthma. Make sure that nobody in the home smokes, and try to keep your home free of cockroaches and mold. On heavy air pollution days keep children with asthma indoors, when possible. Avoid standing too close to cars or buses when their engines are running. Make sure you always have your medicines with you, as you will need them if your asthma is triggered.If a trigger is something like a cold, asthma symptoms usually improve once the illness goes away. If your asthma is brought on by exercise or sports, it can be tempting to avoid those things, but exercise is an important part of being healthy for everyone--including people with asthma.
了解你的诱因，远离它们可以帮助控制哮喘。确保家里没有人吸烟，尽量让家里没有蟑螂和霉菌。在重度空气污染的日子里，可能的情况下，让哮喘患儿待在室内。当发动机运转时，避免站得太靠近汽车或公共汽车。确保你总是随身携带药品，如果哮喘发作，你会需要它们。如果诱因是感冒，一旦疾病消失，哮喘症状通常会得到改善。如果哮喘是通过运动引起，你可以避免这些事情，但运动是每个人健康的重要部分，包括哮喘患者。
药物
With the right medications, a person with asthma can live a very active life. Talk to your doctor to make sure everyone in the family with asthma has the right medicine and action plan to stay healthy. There are two main types of medication that can help with asthma - relievers and controllers. Both play an important role in helping to manage asthma, but are used very differently. Relievers, sometimes called rescue inhalers, work within minutes to relax the muscles around the airways and can stop an asthma attack while it’s happening. They can make it easier to breathe right away. That’s why it’s important for everyone with asthma to always have a reliever medication with them in case they need it. People who have asthma symptoms more than a few times a week need to also have a controller medicine. Controllers reduce mucus and swelling, but have to be used every day to work. They don’t help right away, but over time can make lungs healthier. This will help people with asthma have fewer symptoms, and fewer asthma attacks. But during an asthma attack, only relievers will help right away. There are many different kinds of controllers, so talk to your doctor to make sure you have one if you need one.
正确的药物可以使哮喘病患者可以过健康的生活。和你的医生谈谈，确保家里有哮喘的每个人都有正确的药物和行动计划来保持健康。有两种类型的药物对哮喘有用，缓解性和控制性。两者都在帮助治疗哮喘方面发挥重要作用，但使用方式却截然不同。缓解性药物，有时叫紧急吸入药，在几分钟内放松呼吸道周围的肌肉，并能在哮喘发作时停止哮喘发作。让呼吸变得更容易。这就是为什么每个患有哮喘的人备有缓解性药物很重要，万一需要呢。每周有几次哮喘症状的人需要控制性药物。控制性药物则用来会减少黏液、减轻肿胀，但必须每天使用。他们不能马上起作用，但随时间使肺更健康。这将帮助哮喘患者减少症状，减少哮喘发作。但是在哮喘发作的时候，只有缓解性才会起作用。有许多不同类型的控制器，所以和你的医生谈谈，需要的话确保你有一个。
Both of these medication types are usually taken with an inhaler. For children, inhalers should be used with spacers. The spacer helps get the medication deep into the lungs instead of just in the mouth. If the medicine cannot get into the lungs it won’t help. Babies and younger kids may need a nebulizer machine which turns a liquid medication into a mist that can be breathed in. Inhalers and nebulizers take practice to use, so ask your nurse or doctor to watch you do it at your next visit. The inhaler, spacer, and mask can be bulky to carry around, but all people with asthma need to have their rescue medicines close by at all times. They can be life-saving during an asthma attack! The main thing is that every person with asthma has their own medicine plan, clearly understands how and when to use each medicine, and feels confident that their medicines work for them. This plan is sometimes called an asthma action plan. It is very important that people who take care of kids with asthma have their medicines and know how to use them. If you have a child with asthma, make sure their school or day care has the reliever medicine as well as your consent to use it. Ask the school nurse or principal if you need to sign a medication form. They may need this to be able to give the medication to your child for breathing problems at school!
这两种药物通常都用吸入器吸入。对于儿童，吸入器应该与储雾罐一起使用。储雾罐可以帮助药物深入肺部，而不是仅仅停留在口腔内。如果药物不能进入肺部，那就没用了。婴儿和年幼的孩子可能需要一种雾化器，可以将液体药物转化为一种可以吸入的气雾。吸入器和喷雾器需要练习使用，下次就诊时请护士或医生看你用一下。吸入器、储雾罐和面罩会比较笨重，但是所有哮喘患者需要随时携带他们的救援药物。他们可以在哮喘发作期间挽救生命!最重要的是，每一个患有哮喘的人都有自己的医疗计划，他们清楚地知道如何以及何时使用每一种药物，并确信他们的药物对他们有效。这个计划有时被称为哮喘行动计划。很重要的一点，照顾哮喘患儿的人要有药物并且知道如何使用他们。如果你有一个哮喘的孩子，确保他们的学校或日托有缓解性药物和你的同意使用它。询问学校的护士或校长是否需要签署一份药物表格。他们可能需要这个在学校给你的孩子用呼吸问题药物!
Okay - let’s review - asthma is a health condition that affects many people, especially children. It makes the airways in the lungs narrow and tight, making it hard to breathe. Each person can have different asthma triggers, and a common one is cigarette smoke. Medicines include both relievers and controllers and can help a person with asthma lead a very active life and not have to miss out on school. So work with your doctor to develop an asthma action plan specific for your child and don't let asthma hold your child back.
好了，我们来回顾一下：哮喘是一种会影响很多人的健康问题，尤其是儿童。它使肺部的气道狭窄，呼吸困难。每个人都可能有不同的哮喘诱因，常见的是吸烟。药物包括缓解性药物和控制性药物，可以帮助哮喘患者过健康的生活，也不需要错过学校。所以，和你的医生一起制定一个针对你孩子的哮喘行动计划，不要让哮喘拖孩子后腿。
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