被动语态1

2022-07-24 19:07:4934:05 108

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被动语态

(一) 语态分类：英语动词分主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
Tom(执) cleans(谓动) the room(承) every day.(主动)

The room(承) is cleaned(谓动) by Tom(执) every day. (被动)
被动语态结构：助动词be + 动词的过去分词done，即be done ，
常译为“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动关系。
(二) 被动语态的用法
(1) 动作的执行者很明显。这时往往不用by 短语。
Word processing skills are taught in our computer lessons.
(2)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
Some new computers were stolen last night.
(3) 突出或强调动作的承受者。如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。
The window was broken by Mike. 窗户是迈克打破的。
(三) 被动语态的时态变化：通过助动词be的各种时态变化来体现，done不变。注意主语的单、复数变化。
以do为例，掌握下列时态的被动结构，形式变化如下：
1．一般现在时：am / is / are + done
2．一般过去时：was / were + done
3．一般将来时：shall / will + be done am/is/are going to be done
4．现在完成时：have / has + been + done
5．情态动词： can/may/must/should/have to be done
以下时态的被动语态作一般了解：
现在进行时：am / is / are + being + done 过去进行时：was / were + being + done
过去完成时：had + been + done 过去将来时：should / would + be done
(四) 主动语态变被动语态的方法
My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
执行者动词承受者
→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.
承受者谓语 by+执行者
1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。
3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。
练习：
1. 一般现在时：People grow rice in the south of the country.
_________ _________ _________ in the south of the country.
2. 一般过去时：Nancy Jackson designed the CD-ROM.
The CD-ROM _________ _________ _________ Nancy Jackson.
3. 一般将来时：They will hold the charity show in the school hall.
The charity show _________ _________ _________ in the school hall.
4. 现在完成时：He has brought his book here.
His book _________ _________ _________ here.
5．含有情态动词的被动语态：You must hand in your homework after class.
Your homework _________ _________ _________ _________ after class.
(五) 语态转换时所注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，先找原主动句中的动宾短语，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought. (错误)
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可说：
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意：1. 下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：
bring, give, lend, offer, pass, show, teach, tell 等。
(1) The book was shown to the class.
(2) My bike was lent to her.
2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：
buy, cook, get, keep, make, order, play, sing 等。
(1) A new skirt was made for me.
(2) The meat was cooked for us.
(3) Some country music was played for us.
3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：
动词+介词，如: laugh at, listen to, look after, think of, talk about, work on等。
动词+副词，如: sell out, find out, give up, hand in, work out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn on, wake up等。
The most difficult problem was worked out by Tom.
The song is often listened to by girls.
4. 带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：

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