第15-16章重点问题（美国）

Chapter 15 美国政治 Government
节 知识点名称 主观题

名词解释

美国宪法①checks and balances① 制衡
答案：The United States has three separate branches of government: the legislative, executive, and judicial. Each branch has a portion of constitutional authority and can check or block the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is a system of checks and balances.答案：美国有三个独立的政府部门：立法、行政和司法。每个分支机构都有一部分宪法权力，可以阻止或阻止其他分支机构的行动。因此，这三个分支是平衡的。这是一个相互制衡的体系。
②the Federal System of America美国联邦制
答案：The Constitution set up a federal system of government which has two layers of rule. There is central or federal government for the nation which alone has the power to answer questions that affect the nation as a whole. There are also state and local governments. Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution.宪法建立了一个有两层统治的联邦政府体系。国家有中央或联邦政府，只有中央或联邦政府有权回答影响整个国家的问题。还有州政府和地方政府。宪法规定，政府的每一层都有各自不同的权力。
③ the Bill of Rights of America美国人权法案
答案：The Bill of Rights is the term used for the first ten amendments to the Constitution. It guarantees freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and petition, freedom from unreasonable searches, right to jury trial, right to due process of law and other legal rights.《权利法案》是宪法前十项修正案所使用的术语。它保障宗教自由、言论自由、新闻自由、集会和请愿自由、免受不合理搜查的自由、陪审团审判的权利、正当法律程序的权利和其他法律权利。
④The U.S. system of checks and balances美国的制衡制度
答案：Congress may pass a law, but the president can veto, or cancel it. Then Congress may pass the law again-this time by a two-thirds vote-and the president cannot veto it. But the law may still be canceled if the Supreme Court decides that it goes against the Constitution.
国会可以通过一项法律，但是总统可以否决，或者取消它。那么国会这次可能会以三分之二的票数再次通过这项法律，总统不能否决它。但是，如果最高法院认为这项法律违反了宪法，它仍然可能被取消

政府的三个分支机构The U.S. Presidency美国总统
答案：The U.S. President of the United States is head of the executive branch. The White House is his official residence. He is head of state elected by the whole nation. His status makes him the most prominent figure
as the first citizen and his wife is called the First Lady.答案：美国总统是行政部门的首脑。白宫是他的官邸。他是由全国人民选出的国家元首。他的身份使他成为第一公民中最突出的人物，他的妻子被称为第一夫人。

选举①Electoral College选举团
答案：In the US, the people of each state don't vote directly for the President. Instead, they select presidential electors, equal to the number of the Senators and Representatives each states has in Congress. The electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia (538 persons) comprise the Electoral College.在美国，每个州的人民不直接投票给总统。取而代之的是，他们选出的总统选举人与每个州在国会中的参议员和代表人数相等。所有50个州和哥伦比亚特区的选民（538人）组成选举团。

②Electoral College
答案：The electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia - a total of 538 persons - comprise what is known as the Electoral College. To be
successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.所有50个州和哥伦比亚特区的选民——总共538人——组成了所谓的选举团。要想获得成功，总统候选人必须获得270票

简答题

美国宪法①What mechanism did the writers of the American Constitution introduce to provide safeguards?
答案：They introduced the mechanism of the separation of powers and checks and balances.① 美国宪法的制定者引入了什么机制来提供保障？
答案：他们推出了分权制衡机制。
②According to the text, what is agreed to be the completion of the foundation of the American constitutional system?
答案：The ratification of the first ten amendments to the constitution
—the Bill of Rights.②根据文本，什么是美国宪法制度建立的基础？
答案：批准宪法前十项修正案《权利法案》。
③What is the basic instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land？美国政府的基本工具和国家最高法律是什么
答案：The Constitution of the United States is the basic instrument of
American government and the supreme law of the land.③ 
答案：美国宪法是美国政府的基本文书，是国家的最高法律。


政府的三个分支机构①What are the two special powers of the Senate in America?
答 案 ：There are two special powers: one is to confirm presidential appointments of high officials of the federal government, the other is to ratify all treaties by a two-thirds vote.① 美国参议院的两项特别权力是什么？
答案：有两项特别权力：一项是确认总统对联邦政府高级官员的任命，另一项是以三分之二的票数批准所有条约。
②What is the most central function of the U.S. Congress?
答案：The most central function of U.S. Congress is the passage of laws.
② 美国国会最核心的职能是什么？
答案：美国国会最核心的职能是通过法律。
③What’s the most central function of the Congress in the United States?
答案：The most central function of the Congress is the passage of laws.
③ 美国国会最核心的职能是什么？
答案：国会最核心的职能是通过法律。
④What are the three branches of government in the United States? 答案：They are the legislative, the executive and the judicial
.④ 美国的三个政府部门是什么？答案：它们是立法机关、行政机关和司法机关。
⑤What judicial power does the US Supreme Court have while British courts do not?⑤ 美国最高法院有什么司法权而英国法院没有？
答案：Such a power is judicial review, that is, to strike down laws the
Supreme Court finds to be against the Constitution.
答案：这样的权力就是司法审查，即推翻最高法院认为违反宪法的法律。

政党政治What are the two major parties that dominate American politics at the federal, state and local levels?
答案：They are the Democrats and the Republicans.在联邦、州和地方各级主导美国政治的两大政党是什么？
答案：他们是民主党人和共和党人。


选举①What is known as the “winner-take-all” system?
答案：The presidential candidate with highest number of votes in each state wins all the electoral votes of that state.① 什么叫“赢家通吃”制度？
答案：各州得票最多的总统候选人赢得该州所有选举人的选票。
②What is the "winner-take-all" system in the U.S.?
答案：When a presidential candidate wins the highest number of votes in a state, he gets all the electoral votes of that state.
② 美国的“赢家通吃”制度是什么。？
答案：当总统候选人赢得一个州的最高票数时，他就获得了该州所有的选举人票。
③What is the “winner-take-all” system?
答案：The presidential candidate with the highest number of votes in each
state wins all the electoral votes of that states, which is known as the "winner-take-all" system.③ 什么是“赢家通吃”制度？
答案：每个州得票最多的总统候选人赢得该州所有选举人的选票，这被称为“赢家通吃”制度。

美国宪法What are the distinct characteristics of the US government?
答案：One characteristic is separation of powers, namely，“checks and balances.”According to the Constitution, the government consists of three branches: the executive，the legislative and the judicial. The system of “checks and balances” is designed to make sure that all the branches of government work together and that none has more power than any of the others. The other characteristic is a federal system of government. There is a central or federal form of government. It means that power is divided between the central government and the individual state governments. Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution.
美国政府的显著特点是什么？
答案：一个特点是三权分立，即“制衡”。根据宪法，政府由行政、立法和司法三个部门组成。“制衡”制度的目的是确保所有政府部门协同工作，没有一个部门比任何其他部门拥有更多的权力。另一个特点是联邦制政府。有中央或联邦政府形式。这意味着权力在中央政府和各个州政府之间分配。宪法规定，政府的每一层都有各自不同的权力。
Chapter 16 美国文化 Culture
节知识点名称主观题

名词解释
教育Research universities研究型大学
答案：The research universities offer a full range of programs leading to a BA degree and are committed to postgraduate education through the doctorate.They give high priority to research and award doctoral degrees.
研究型大学提供全方位的学士学位课程，并致力于通过博士学位。他们重视科研，授予博士学位。

文学，戏剧， 音乐Harlem Renaissance哈莱姆文艺复兴
答案：Harlem is Northeastern part of New York City where black people are concentrated and where black writers wrote freely without suffering any oppression by the white. In the 1920s, Black Literature developed into an
upsurge known as the Harlem Renaissance.答案：哈莱姆区是纽约市东北部的一部分，黑人集中在那里，黑人作家自由写作，不受白人的任何压迫。在20世纪20年代，黑人文学发展成为一个被称为哈莱姆文艺复兴的热潮。
简答 题简介Why were American children awarded the 1965 Nobel Peace Prize? 
答案：They were awarded the prize for their collection of money for UNICEF 
to help children in other countries.为什么美国儿童被授予1965年诺贝尔和平奖？
答案：他们因为联合国儿童基金会帮助其他国家的儿童募捐而获奖。


教育①Why is the board of trustees which governs American colleges and 
universities composed primarily of laymen? 
答案：The underlying idea is that laymen will be more likely to represent 
the public interests than professionals who would benefit from board 
decisions. 
① 为什么管理美国学院和大学的董事会主要由外行组成？
答案：其基本理念是，外行人士将更可能代表公众利益，而非专业人士将从董事会的决定中获益。
②What is the guiding principle of community college?
答案：The principle is higher education for everyone and the philosophy
that equality must mean equal opportunity for self-realization and for the
recognition of individual differences.② 社区学院的指导原则是什么？答案：原则是人人接受高等教育，平等必须意味着自我实现和认识个体差异的机会均等。
③What does SAT stand for?
答案：It stands for Scholastic Aptitude Test, a test taken in the U.S. to
measure students' abilities before their entry into college.③ SAT代表什么？
答案：它代表学术能力倾向测试，一种在美国进行的测试，用来衡量学生进入大学之前的能力。
④What kind of education is compulsory in the United States?
答案：Elementary and secondary education is compulsory in the U.S.
④ 在美国什么样的教育是义务教育？
答案：初等和中等教育在美国是义务教育。
⑤What are the three kinds of the American high schools?
答案：They are made up of comprehensive, academic vocational and technical
schools with somewhat different tasks.
⑤ 美国的三种高中是什么？
答案：由综合性、学术性职业技术学校组成，任务有所不同。
文学，戏剧，音乐①Why did Hawthorne attack transcendentalism?
答案：Because it glorified absolute individualism with no regard for social impact.① 霍桑为什么攻击先验论？
答案：因为它美化了绝对的个人主义，不考虑社会影响。
②What does Mark Twain want to put across in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?
答案：He wants to show the basic goodness and wisdom of ordinary people.② 马克·吐温在《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中想表达什么？
答案：他想表现普通人的基本善良和智慧。
③What do Uncle Tom's Cabinand Rootsdescribe?
答案：They describe the miserable life of the black slaves.
③ 汤姆叔叔的小屋和根上写着什么？
它们描述了黑奴的悲惨生活。
节日①On which day does Easter fall?
答案：It falls on the first Sunday after the first full moon that coincides with, or comes after, the spring equinox.① 复活节是哪一天？
答案：它落在第一个满月之后的第一个星期天，那是春分时或之后的第一个满月。
②What is America’s most important patriotic holiday？
答案：Independence Day is America's most important patriotic holiday.
② 美国最重要的爱国节日是什么
答案：独立日是美国最重要的爱国节日