国概重点9-11章 美国

Part 2 美国概况
Chapter 9 国土 Land
知识点名称 知识点内容
1. 地理位置&
面积 位置：The mainland United States is located between Mexico on the south and Canada
on the north and between the Atlantic and pacific oceans.美国大陆南部位于墨西哥，北部位于加拿大，位于大西洋和太平洋之间。
面积：The total area is 9.37 million square kilometers, making the United States
the forth largest country in the world. The largest state in the US is Alaska.总面积937万平方公里，使美国成为世界第四大国家。美国最大的州是阿拉斯加
  
2. 国土Land密西西比河：.密西西比河位于阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉之间，是世界上最伟大的大陆河流之一。密西西比河被称为“水之父”或“老人河”。
俄亥俄河：The American Ruhr refers to the Ohio River.美国的鲁尔河是指俄亥俄河。
Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United StateLying between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains is one of the world’s great continental rivers-the Mississippi. The Mississippi has been called “father of waters” or “old man river”格兰德河是墨西哥和美国的天然边界，位于阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉之间，是世界上最大的大陆河流之一密西西比河。密西西比河被称为“水之父”或“老人河
五大湖：The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes, which are the economic lifeline of the Midwest. They provide cheap transportation for materials such as iron ore, coal, and grain.They are Lake Superior, which is the
largest fresh water lake in the world.美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖，是中西部地区的经济命脉。他们为铁矿石、煤和煤等材料提供廉价的运输谷物。他们苏必利尔湖是
世界上最大的淡水湖。
3.气候A humid continental climate is found in the north eastern part of the country该国东北部为潮湿的大陆性气候
The Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes influence
its climate. The Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes influence the climate of the United States.大西洋和太平洋、墨西哥湾和五大湖影响着它的气候。大西洋和太平洋、墨西哥湾和五大湖影响着美国的气候。

4.   地理区域Geographical Regions七大区：From the east to west the US can be divided into seven geographical regions. They are New England, the Middle Atlantic states, the Midwest, the South, the American West (the Great Plains, Rockies and Inter mountain region) the
Pacific Coast and the New states.美国从东到西可分为七个地理区域。它们是新英格兰、大西洋中部各州、中西部、南部、美国西部（大平原、落基山脉和山间地区）
太平洋海岸和新州。
新英格兰：① New England is made up of six states of the northeast；② Much of the land is mountainous or hilly, and the soil is generally thin and rocky. ③ New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America. It was the chief center
of the American War of Independence of 1776 and was also the nation's first industrial area. ④New England is also well-known for its position in education.新英格兰由东北部的六个州组成；②大部分土地是山地或丘陵地带，土壤通常薄而多岩石。③ 新英格兰有时被称为美国的诞生地。它是1776年美国独立战争的主要中心，也是美国第一个工业区。④ 新英格兰在教育方面的地位也是众所周知的
地理区域Geographical Regions大西洋中部：① The Middle Atlantic States are New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia; ② This area has about one fifth of the total population of the United States. It is a highly industrialized area and
the nerve center of the country.① 大西洋中部的几个州是纽约州、宾夕法尼亚州、新泽西州、特拉华州、马里兰州和西弗吉尼亚州；②该地区约占美国总人口的五分之一。它是一个高度工业化的地区和国家的神经中枢。
中西部：The Midwest is America's most important agricultural area and the nation's leading center of heavy industry. 中西部是美国最重要的农业地区。
新建州：The New States refer to Alaska and Hawaii.指的是阿拉斯加和夏威夷。
Chapter 10 人口 Population
知识点名称知识点内容
1. 美国人口New York City is the most populous city in the United States.纽约市是美国人口最多的城市。

2. 移民历史：The immigration began in the mid-1810s, grew steadily during the 1830s and 40s and reached the highest point in 1845. English oppression and the Potato Famines of 1845-1849 drove 1.5 million Irishmen from their homeland to the United
States in the decade of 1845-1854.移民始于18世纪10年代中期，在19世纪30年代和40年代稳步增长，1845年达到最高点。1845-1854年间，英国的压迫和1845-1849年的马铃薯饥荒迫使150万爱尔兰人从他们的祖国来到美国。
法令：①The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, also known as the Hart-Cellar Act, resulted in new immigration from non-European nations, which changed the ethnic make-up of the US.② W. Bush signed the Immigration Act of 1990, which
increased legal immigration to the United States by 40.
1965年的《移民和国籍法》，也被称为哈特·塞尔法（Hart Cellar Act），导致了来自非欧洲国家的新移民，改变了美国的种族构成。②布什签署了1990年的《移民法》，将美国的合法移民人数增加了40人。
Chapter 11 美国历史（I）American History（I）(1492 - 1900)
知识点名称知识点内容
1. 发现新大陆哥伦布：In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator,
thought he could reach India by sailing west.
15世纪末，意大利航海家克里斯托弗·哥伦布认为他可以向西航行到达印度。
亚美利哥：Amerigo Vespucci proved that the land found by Christopher Columbus in the new West Indies was in fact not India, but a new continent; Therefore the land
was named America after him.亚美利哥·韦斯普奇证明，克里斯托弗·哥伦布在新西印度群岛发现的土地事实上不是印度，而是一个新大陆；因此这片土地以他的名字命名为美洲。

2. 殖民时期
The English founded their first permanent settlement on the American continent at
Jamestown in 1607. 1607年，英国人在詹姆斯敦建立了他们在美洲大陆的第一个永久定居点。
第一届代表大会：In 1619 the people of Virginia organized the first representative assembly in America. This was the House of Burgesses (or citizens).1619年，弗吉尼亚人民在美国组织了第一次代表大会。这是伯吉斯（或市民）之家。
①The second English colony to be established in America was Plymouth. ② It was founded by the Pilgrims in 1620. ③ The Pilgrims were a group of Protestants who left England because they objected to some of the beliefs and practices of the Church of England. ④ They crossed the Atlantic Ocean in a ship called the Mayflower.在美国建立的第二个英国殖民地是普利茅斯。② 它是由清教徒于1620年建立的。③ 朝圣者是一群离开英国的新教徒，因为他们反对英国教会的一些信仰和做法。④ 他们乘坐一艘名为“五月花”的船横渡大西洋。
3. 美国独立战争
①Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution. ②The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.托马斯·杰斐逊在美国独立战争期间起草了《独立宣言》。② 《宣言》对革命背后的政治理论作了明确的解释，这一理论来自英国哲学家洛克。
转折点：The great turning point of the American War of Independence occurred at
Saratoga, where the American troops defeated the British.美国独立战争的伟大转折点发生在萨拉托加，美军在那里打败了英国人。
Britain recognized the independence of the United States when the Treaty of Paris
was signed in September 1783. 1783年9月《巴黎条约》签署时，英国承认美国的独立。

4. 领土扩张和西进运动The Americans buy the Louisiana from Napoleon for only 15 million dollars in the
1790s.19世纪90年代，美国人只花1500万美元从拿破仑手中买下了路易斯安那州
The major implications are that the founding of the US is inevitable, that the expansion of American territory is legitimate（合法）, and that the spread of American democracy is the task of American people who were chosen to do
the Lord's work.其主要含义是：美国的建立是不可避免的，美国领土的扩张是合法的，美国民主的传播是被选来做上帝工作的美国人民的任务。

5. 南北战争解 放 宣 言 ：During the Civil War, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 to get more support for the Union at home and abroad. It
abolished slavery and granted freedom to all slaves in the Southern states.
南北战争期间，林肯总统于1863年发表了《解放宣言》，以争取国内外对联邦的更多支持。它废除了奴隶制，并给予南方各州所有奴隶自由。
重建：①This difficult period of political, social, and economic changes in the South after the Civil War is known as Reconstruction.②The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided citizenship to former slaves in the US.①内战后南方政治、社会和经济变化的困难时期被称为重建。②宪法第十四修正案为美国前奴隶提供了公民身份
6. 原住民的待
遇By late 1880s most Native Americans had been forced off their lands and onto
reservations.19世纪80年代末，大多数印第安人被迫离开他们的土地，进入保留地。
The final defeat of the Native Americans came in the battle of Wounded Knee in South
Dakota in 1890.印第安人的最后一次失败是1890年在南达科他州的膝伤之战。