17-11-28 【电台带你过四级】考前冲刺 #阅读提分大法# 六期干货 ④巧做长篇阅读（一）

2022-05-01 05:16:2755:02 2131

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长篇阅读·真题解析

《I Cry, Therefore I Am我哭故我在》

A) In 2008, at a German zoo, a gorilla (大猩猩) named Gana gave birth to a male infant, who died after three months.Photographs of Gana, looking stricken and inconsolable (伤心欲绝的)， attracted crowds to the zoo. Sad as thescene was, the humans, not Gana, were the only ones crying. The notion thatanimals can weep has no scientific basis. Years of observations by biologistsDian Fossey, who observed gorillas, and Jane Goodall, who worked withchimpanzees （黑猩猩）, could not prove thatanimals cry tears from emotion.

A） 2008年，在德国的一个动物园，一只名为加纳的大猩猩生下了一只雄性小猩猩。三个月后，小猩猩夭折了。加纳遭受打击、伤心欲绝的照片吸引了很多人到动物园来。尽管场面十分伤感，但加纳并没有哭，哭泣的只有人类。（48）动物能够哭泣的观点没有任何科学依据。生物学家迪安·弗塞多年对大猩猩的观察和简·古道尔对黑猩猩的长期研究都无法证明动物能够流下饱含感情的泪水。

B) It’s true that many animals shed tears,especially in response to pain. Tears protect the eye by keeping it moist. Butcrying as an expression of feeling is unique to humans and has played anessential role in human evolution and the development of human cultures.

B）的确，很多动物都会流泪，尤其是感到疼痛时。泪水可以保持眼部滋润，以保护眼睛。但是，将哭泣作为表达情感的方式是人类独有的，它在人类进化和人类文化发展方面起着至关重要的作用。

C) Within two days an infant can imitate sadand happy faces. If an infant does not cry out, it is unlikely to get theattention it needs to survive. Around 3-4 months, the relationship between thehuman infant and its environment takes on a more organized communicative role,and tearful crying begins to serve interpersonal purposes: the search forcomfort and pacification (抚慰). As we get older, crying becomes a tool ofsocial interaction: grief and joy, shame and pride, fear and manipulation.

C）出生两天之内的婴儿就能模仿悲伤和快乐的面部表情。（47）如果婴儿不能放声大哭，它就很有可能得不到生存所必需的关注。大约3到4个月大的时候，人类婴儿和环境之间呈现出更有组织的互动，而饱含泪水的哭泣开始起到交际的作用：寻求舒适和抚慰。随着年龄的增长，哭泣成为社会交往的工具：表达悲伤和喜悦、羞耻和骄傲、恐惧和操控。

D) Tears are as universal as laughter, andgrief is more complex than joy. But although we all cry, we do so in differentways. Women cry more frequently and intensely than men, especially when exposedto emotional events. Like crying, depression is, around the world, morecommonly seen in women than in men. One explanation might be that women, whodespite decades of social advances still suffer from economic inequality,discrimination (歧视) and even violence, might have more to cryabout.

D）眼泪和笑声一样普遍，而悲伤比快乐更加复杂。不过，虽然我们都会哭泣，但我们哭泣的方式却各不相同。女性比男性哭泣的频率更高，也更加强烈，尤其是碰到感情问题的时候。与哭泣一样，在全世界范围内，抑郁症在女性人群中比在男性人群中更常见。其中一种解释可能是，虽然在过去几十年中，女性的社会地位有了很大提高，但她们仍然遭受着经济不平等、歧视甚至暴力，这可能使得女性更有理由哭泣。

Men not only cry for shorter periods thanwomen, but they also are less inclined to explain their tears, usually shedthem more quietly, and tend more frequently to apologize when they cry openly.Men, like women, report crying at the death of a loved one and in response to amoving religious experience. They are more likely than women to cry when theircore identities—as providers and protectors, as fathers and fighters—arequestioned.

（54）男性不仅哭泣的时间比女性短，也更不愿意解释自己哭泣的原因，他们通常都是默默地流泪，而且在公开场合哭泣时，表达歉意的频率也更高。与女性一样，男性也表示会在心爱的人去世时或是感人的宗教事件中哭泣。与女性相比，男性更有可能在自己的核心身份——作为家庭支柱和保护者以及作为父亲和战士——受到质疑时哭泣。

E)People who score on personality tests asmore sympathetic cry more than those who are more rigid or have more selfcontrol. Frequency of crying varies widely: some shed tears at any novel ormovie, others only a handful of times in their lives. Crying in response tostress and conflict in the home, or after emotional trauma (创伤), lasts much longer than tears induced by everyday sadness—which inturn last longer than tears of delight and joy.

E）在性格测试中显得比较有同情心的人比那些比较坚强或是比较有自控能力的人更加爱哭。哭泣的频率也有很大差别：有些人看什么小说或电影都会哭，而其他人一生当中哭泣的次数十分有限。家庭中的压力和冲突或是情感创伤所引起的哭泣比日常的伤心事所造成的哭泣持续的时间要长得多——相应地，它比喜悦和快乐所引起的哭泣持续的时间要长。

F) Sadness is our primary association withcrying, but the fact is that people report feeling happier after crying.Surveys estimate that 85% of women and 73% of men report feeling better aftershedding tears. Surprisingly, crying is more commonly associated with minorforms of depression than with major depression involving suicidal thoughts.

F）一提到哭泣，我们首先联想到的是悲伤，但事实是，人们说哭泣过后他们感到更快乐。据调查，预估有85％的女性和73％的男性称流过泪后感觉好多了。（51）出人意料的是，比起会产生自杀想法的严重抑郁，哭泣通常与一些小挫折的关联更大。

G) People widely report that crying relievestension, restores emotional balance and provides “catharsis,” a washing out ofbad feelings. The term “catharsis” has religious implications of removing eviland sin; it’s no surprise that religious ceremonies are, around the world, oneof the main settings for the release of tears.

G）人们普遍声称，哭泣可以缓解紧张，平衡情绪，并提供“宣泄”，即将不良情绪发泄出来。“宣泄”一词有消除邪恶和罪恶的宗教含义；世界各地的宗教仪式是释放泪水的主要场合之一也就毫不奇怪了。

H) Crying is a nearly universal sign ofgrief, though some mourners report that, despite genuine sorrow, they cannotshed tears—sometimes even for years after their loved one has gone. Unliketoday, when the privacy of grief is more respected, the public or ceremonialshedding of tears, at the graveside of a spouse or the funeral of a king orqueen, was once considered socially or even politically essential.

H）（52）几乎在任何地方，哭泣都是悲伤的表现。但是，也有哀悼者说，虽然他们真的十分伤心，却怎么也哭不出来——有时甚至在心爱的人去世多年以后依然如此。（46）不像对哀伤的隐私更加尊重的今天，过去在公共场合或某些仪式上流下泪水、在配偶的墓前或是国王或王后的葬礼上痛哭，曾经被认为具有重要的社会意义甚至政治意义。

I) Crying has also served other socialpurposes. Rousseau wrote in his Confessions that while he considered tears themost powerful expression of love, he also just liked to cry over nothing.

I）哭泣还有其他的社会功能。卢梭在他的《忏悔录》中写道，虽然他认为泪水是表达爱最有力的方式，但他也很喜欢毫无理由的哭泣。

J) The association of tears with art hasancient roots. The classic Greek tragedies of the fifth century B.C. wereprimarily celebrations of gods. Tragedies, like poetry and music, were stagedreligious events. Even then it was recognized that crying in response to dramabrought pleasure.

J）（55）泪水与艺术之间的关联有很深的根源。公元前五世纪的经典的希腊悲剧主要是对神的颂扬。与诗歌和音乐一样，悲剧也在演绎宗教事件。即使在当时，人们也已经认识到戏剧所带来的哭泣会让人感到愉悦。

K) I have argued that there areneurobiological （神经生物方面的） associations linking thearts and mood disorders. When I lecture on crying, I ask my audience to let meknow, by a show of hands, which art forms most move them to tears. About 80%say music, followed closely by novels (74%), but then the figures fall sharply,to 43%, for poetry, and 10-22% for paintings, sculpture and architecture.

K）我一直认为是神经生物方面的联系关联着艺术和情绪紊乱。我在进行关于哭泣的讲座时，曾请听众通过举手的方式告诉我哪一种艺术形式最能让他们感动得流泪。大约80％的人说是音乐，紧随其后的是小说（74％），但其他艺术形式的比例大幅下滑，诗歌为43％，而绘画、雕塑和建筑则在10%至22％之间。

L) The physical act of crying is mainly oneof breathing in air, which is why we choke up when we weep. This suggests tolanguage scientists that emotional crying evolved before language, perhapsexplaining why tears communicate states of mind and feelings that are often sodifficult to express in words. Of course, from an evolutionary perspective,recognition of emotion (usually through facial gesture) was essential forsurvival.

L）哭泣时，身体上最主要的行为就是吸气，这也是为什么我们哭泣时会哽咽。（49）这使得语言科学家们认为，充满感情的哭泣在语言之前得到进化，这也许可以解释为什么当语言难以表达时，泪水却往往可以沟通思想状态和感受。当然，从进化的角度来看，识别情绪（通常通过面部表情）是生存所必需的。

M) The earliest humans arrived severalmillion years ago, but only 150,000 to 200,000 years ago, did cultures,language, religion and the arts arise. Along the way, tears became more than abiological necessity to lubricate (润滑) the eye and developed into a sign of intense emotion and a signal ofsocial bonding. The development of selfconsciousness and the notion ofindividual identity, or ego; storytelling about the origins of the world, thecreation of humanity and life after death; and the ability to feel others’sadness—all were critical parts of the neurobiological changes that made ushuman.

M）（53）早在几百万年前，人类就已经存在，而直到15万至20万年前，才出现了文化、语言、宗教和艺术。在此期间，泪水已远远不仅是润滑眼睛的生理需要，而已经发展成为强烈感情的标志和社会关系的信号。自我意识的发展和个人身份或自我概念的形成；关于世界起源的传说、人性的创造和死亡后的生命；以及感受他人忧伤的能力——所有这一切都是使我们成为人类的神经生物方面的变化的至关重要的组成部分。

N) More recently, we’ve learned fromneuroscience that certain brain circuits （回路） are activated （激活）, rapidly andunconsciously, when we see another in emotional distress. In short, our brainevolved circuits to allow us to experience sympathy, which in turn madecivilization, and an ethics based on sympathy, possible. So the next time youreach a tissue box, or sob on a friend’s shoulder, or shed tears at the movies,stop and reflect on why we cry and what it means to cry. Because ultimately,while we love to cry, we also cry to love.

N）最近，我们已经从神经科学领域获知，当我们看到别人情绪低落时，不知不觉中，大脑中的某些回路会被快速激活。（50）总之，我们的大脑中已经进化出了让我们体验到同情的回路，反过来使文明和基于同情的伦理成为可能。因此，下一次你伸手从纸巾盒中取出抽纸、或是在朋友的肩膀上抽泣、又或者看电影流泪时，停下来反思一下我们为什么哭，而哭泣又意味着什么。因为最终，我们不仅是爱哭，也是为了爱而哭。

十个句子：

46. Nowadays people respect the privacy ofgrief more than in the past.

如今，人们比以往更加尊重哀伤的隐私。

47. Infants cry to attract attention forsurvival.

婴儿通过哭泣来吸引生存所需的关注。

48. There is no scientific evidence as yetthat animals can shed tears from emotion.

还没有科学证据能够表明动物可以流下饱含感情的泪水。

49. Tears can perform certain communicativefunctions which words cannot.

泪水能够完成某些语言所无法完成的交际功能。

50. Our ability to experience sympathy isessential to the development of civilization.

我们体验同情的能力对文明的发展至关重要。

51. People are more inclined to cry whensuffering minor forms of depression.