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One of the biggest myths about the Israel-Palestine conflict is that it's been going on for centuries, all about ancient religious hatreds.
有关以色列—巴勒斯坦冲突的一个最大的误区就是，这场冲突已经持续了好几个世纪，而且这些矛盾都与古老的宗教仇恨有关。
In fact, while religion is involved, conflict is mostly about two groups of people who claim the same land.
事实上，虽然涉及宗教，巴以冲突也主要是源于两群人对同一片土地的争夺。
And it really only goes back about a century, the early 1900s.
并且巴以冲突只能追溯到一个世纪前，即20世纪初。
Around then, the region along the eastern Mediterranean we now call Israel-Palestine that under Ottoman rule for centuries.
大约在那时，我们现在称之为以色列—巴勒斯坦的东地中海沿岸地区，就已经被奥斯曼帝国统治好几个世纪了。
It was religiously diverse, including mostly Muslims and Christians also a small number of Jews, who lived generally in peace.
该地区有多个宗教存在，主要包括穆斯林和基督徒，其中也包含少量犹太人，犹太人通常和平共处。
And it was changing in two important ways.
同时，该地区也在两个颇为重要的方面发生着变化。
First, more people in the region were developing a sense of being not just ethnic Arabs but Palestinians, a distinct national identity.
首先，该地区越来越多的人开始意识到自己不仅是阿拉伯人，还是巴勒斯坦人，一种独特的民族身份。
At the same time, not so far away in Europe, more Jews were joining a movement called Zionism, which said that Judaism was not just a religion but a nationality, one that deserved a nation of its own.
与此同时，在不远处的欧洲，越来越多的犹太人加入了犹太复国主义运动，声称犹太教不仅是一种宗教，更是一个民族，一个值得拥有自己国家的民族。
And after centuries of persecution, many believed a Jewish state was their only way of safety.
在经历过几个世纪的迫害之后，许多人都坚信，建立一个犹太国家是唯一一条安全之路。
And they saw their historic homeland in the Middle East as their best hope for establishing it.
他们把建国的希望都寄托在中东的那片历史故土上。
In the first decades of the 20th century, tens of thousands of European Jews moved there.
在20世纪的头几十年里，成千上万个欧洲犹太人移居到那里。
After World War One, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and the British and French Empires carved up the Middle East, with the British taking control of a region it called the British Mandate for Palestine.
第一次世界大战后，奥斯曼帝国崩溃，英法帝国瓜分了中东，英国控制了一个被称为“英国对巴勒斯坦委任统治”的地区。
At first, the British allowed Jewish immigration.
起初，英国允许犹太人移民。
But as more Jews arrived, settling into farming communes, tension between Jews and Arabs grew.
但随着越来越多的犹太人来到此地，并定居在农业公社，犹太人和阿拉伯人之间的紧张关系也不断加剧。
Both sides committed acts of violence.
双方都采取了暴力行径。
And by the 1930s, the British began limiting Jewish immigration.
到了20世纪30年代，英国开始限制犹太人移民。
In response, Jewish militias formed to fight both the local Arabs and to resist British rule.
为此，犹太人组建了民兵组织，与当地阿拉伯人作战，反抗英国统治。
Then came the Holocaust, leading many more Jews to flee Europe for British Palestine, and galvanizing much of the world in support of a Jewish state.
随后就发生了大屠杀，导致更多犹太人逃离欧洲，前往英属巴勒斯坦,这也激发了全世界对犹太国家的支持。
In 1947, as sectarian violence between Jews and Arabs there grew, the United Nations approved a plan to divide British Palestine into two separate states: one for Jews, Israel, and one for Arabs, Palestine.
1947年，随着当地犹太人与阿拉伯人之间的教派暴力日益加剧，联合国批准了一项计划，将英属巴勒斯坦分裂为两个独立的国家：一个是犹太人的以色列，一个是阿拉伯人的巴勒斯坦。
The city of Jerusalem, where Jews, Muslims, and Christians all have holy sites, it was to become a special international zone.
耶路撒冷是犹太人、穆斯林、基督徒的圣地，耶路撒冷在那时将成为一个国际特区。
The plan was meant to give Jews a state, to establish Palestinian independence, and to end the sectarian violence that the British could no longer control.
该计划旨在给犹太人一个国家，建立一个独立的巴勒斯坦，并结束这场英国再也无法控制的教派暴力。
The Jews accepted the plan and declared independence as Israel.
犹太人接受了这一计划，并宣布独立为以色列。
But Arabs throughout the region saw the UN plan as just more European colonialism trying to steal their land.
但整个地区的阿拉伯人都认为是欧洲殖民主义要试图窃取他们的土地，联合国才出此下策。
Many of the Arab states, who had just recently won independence themselves, declared war on Israel in an effort to establish a unified Arab Palestine where all of British Palestine had been.
许多阿拉伯国家最近刚刚赢得独立，向以色列宣战，试图在英属巴勒斯坦的原址建立一个统一的阿拉伯巴勒斯坦。
The new state of Israel won the war.
新成立的以色列国赢得了这场战争。
But in the process, they pushed well past their borders under the UN plan, taking the western half of Jerusalem and much of the land that was to have been part of Palestine.
但在这场战争中，他们向前推进的领土也远远超出了联合国计划中所规定的边界，他们还占领了耶路撒冷的西半部和大部分原来本属于巴勒斯坦的土地。
They also expelled huge numbers of Palestinians from their homes, creating a massive refugee population whose descendants today number about 7 million.
他们还把大批的巴勒斯坦人赶出家园，许多人流离失所，成为了难民，他们的后代如今约有700万人。
At the end of the war, Israel controlled all of the territory except for Gaza, which Egypt controlled, and the West Bank, named because it's west of the Jordan River, which Jordan controlled.
战争结束时，以色列已经控制了除被埃及控制的加沙以外的所有领土，以及约旦河西岸，西岸因位于约旦河以西而得名，约旦控制着西岸。
This was the beginning of the decades-long Arab-Israeli conflict.
这就是长达数十年的阿以冲突的开始。
During this period, many Jews in Arab-majority countries fled or were expelled, arriving in Israel.
在此期间，许多来自于阿拉伯人占多数的国家的犹太人逃离或被驱逐，来到以色列。
Then something happened that transformed the conflict.
随后发生的一些事情让这场冲突发生了变化。
In 1967, Israel and the neighboring Arab states fought another war.
1967年，以色列和阿拉伯邻国又打了一场战争。
When it ended, Israel had seized the Golan Heights from Syria, the West Bank from Jordan, and both Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt.
战争结束时，以色列从叙利亚手中夺取了戈兰高地，从约旦夺取了约旦河西岸，从埃及夺取了加沙和西奈半岛。
Israel was now occupying the Palestinian territories, including all of Jerusalem and its holy sites.
以色列现在占领了巴勒斯坦领土，包括整个耶路撒冷及其圣地。
This left Israel responsible for governing the Palestinians – a people it had fought for decades.
这使得以色列有责任来统治巴勒斯坦人民——一个它已经与之斗争了几十年的民族。
In 1978 Israel and Egypt signed the US-brokered Camp David Accords and shortly after that, Israel gave Sanai back to Egypt as part of a peace treaty.
1978 年，以色列和埃及在美国的斡旋下签署了《戴维营协议》，此后不久，作为和平条约的一部分，以色列将萨奈还给了埃及。
At the time this was hugely controversial in the Arab world.
当时，这在阿拉伯世界引起了巨大争议。
Egypt President Anwar Sadat was assassinated in part because of outrage against it.
埃及总统安瓦尔·萨达特被暗杀的部分原因就在于人们对这种做法的愤怒。
But it marked the beginning of the end of the wider Arab-Israeli conflict.
但这也标志着阿以冲突的规模不会再扩大。
Over the next few decades, the other Arab states gradually made peace with Israel, even if they never signed formal peace treaties.
在接下来的几十年里，其他阿拉伯国家逐渐与以色列媾和，尽管它们之间从未签署过正式的和平条约。
But Israel's military was still occupying the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza, and this was when the conflict became an Israeli-Palestinian struggle.
但是，以色列军队仍然占领着西岸和加沙的巴勒斯坦领土，此时的冲突也就升级成了巴以斗争。
The Palestinian Liberation Organization, which had formed in the 1960s to seek a Palestinian state, fought against Israel, including through acts of terrorism.
巴勒斯坦解放组织，成立于20世纪60年代，旨在建立一个巴勒斯坦国，该组织与以色列展开了一系列斗争，包括采取恐怖主义行动。
Initially, the PLO claimed all of what had been British Palestine, meaning it wanted to end the state of Israel entirely.
起初，巴解组织声称拥有英属巴勒斯坦的全部领土，这意味着它希望以色列国能够完全瓦解。
Fighting between Israel and the PLO went on for years, even including a 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon to kick the group out of Beirut.
以色列和巴解组织之间的战斗持续了多年，甚至在1982年，以色列入侵黎巴嫩，从而将该组织赶出贝鲁特。
The PLO later said it would accept dividing the land between Israel and Palestine, but the conflict continued.
巴解组织后来说，它将接受以色列与巴勒斯坦之间的土地分割，但这场冲突仍是进行时。
As all of this was happening, something dramatic was changing in the Israel-occupied Palestinian territories: Israelis were moving in.
就在这一切发生的同时，以色列占领的巴勒斯坦领土上也发生着戏剧性的变化：以色列人正在迁入。
These people are called settlers, and they made their homes in the West Bank and Gaza whether Palestinians wanted them or not.
这些人被称为定居者，无论巴勒斯坦人是否愿意，他们都在约旦河西岸和加沙建立了自己的家园。
Some moved for religious reasons, some because they want to claim the land for Israel, and some just because housing is cheap — and often subsidized by the Israeli government.
有些人是出于宗教原因而搬迁，有些人则是为了将这片土地据为己有，还有一些人只是因为住房便宜——而且经常能得到以色列政府的补贴。
Some settlements are cities with thousands of people; others are small communities deep into the West Bank.
一些定居点是拥有数千人的城市；另一些则是深入西岸的小社区。
The settlers are followed by soldiers to guard them, and the growing settlements force Palestinians off of their land and divide communities.
其它定居点则是有士兵跟守，而不断扩大的定居点迫使巴勒斯坦人离开自己的土地，并分裂了社区。
Short-term, they make the occupation much more painful for Palestinians.
短期而言，这场占领给巴勒斯坦人带来了更多痛苦。
Long-term, by dividing up Palestinian land, they make it much more difficult for the Palestinians to ever have an independent state.
长期来看，通过分割巴勒斯坦人的土地这一手段，他们让巴勒斯坦人更难建立一个独立的国家。
Today there are several hundred thousand settlers in occupied territory even though the international community considers them illegal.
如今，尽管国际社会认为他们是非法的，被占领的领土上也依然有几十万定居者。
By the late 1980s, Palestinian frustration exploded into the Intifada, which is the the Arabic word for uprising.
到了20世纪80年代末，巴勒斯坦人忍无可忍，终于爆发了一场起义，Intifida在阿拉伯语中是起义的意思。
It began with mostly protests and boycotts but soon became violent, and Israel responded with heavy force.
起义之初，巴勒斯坦人主要是抗议和抵制，但很快就演变成了暴力行动，以色列则以重兵回击。
A couple hundred Israelis and over a thousand Palestinians died in the first Intifada.
在第一次起义中，几百名以色列人和一千多名巴勒斯坦人丧生。
Around the same time, a group of Palestinians in Gaza, consider the PLO too secular and too compromise-minded, created Hamas, a violent extremist group dedicated to Israel's destruction.
大约在同一时间，在加沙的一群巴勒斯坦人，认为巴解组织过于世俗化，很容易妥协，就创建了哈马斯，哈马斯是一个致力于摧毁以色列的极端暴力组织。
By the early 1990s, it's clear that Israelis and Palestinians have to make peace, and leaders from both sides sign the Oslo Accords.
到了20世纪90年代初，很明显，以色列人和巴勒斯坦人不得不和平相处，双方领导人便签署了《奥斯陆协定》。
This is meant to be the big, first step toward Israel maybe someday withdrawing from the Palestinian territories, and allowing an independent Palestine.
这意味着以色列有朝一日可能会撤出巴勒斯坦领土，而且也允许一个独立的巴勒斯坦成立，这将是重要的第一步。
The Oslo Accords establish the Palestinian Authority, allowing Palestinians a little bit of freedom to govern themselves in certain areas.
《奥斯陆协议》建立了巴勒斯坦权力机构，允许巴勒斯坦人在某些地区有一点管理上的自由。
Hard-liners on both sides opposed the Oslo accords.
双方的强硬派都反对《奥斯陆协议》。
Members of Hamas launch suicide bombings to try to sabotage the process.
哈马斯成员发动自杀式爆炸，试图破坏这一进程。
The Israeli right protests peace talks, with ralliers calling Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin a traitor and a Nazi.
以色列右翼抗议和谈，集会者称伊扎克—拉宾总理是叛徒和纳粹分子。
Not long after Rabin signs the second round of Oslo Accords, a far-right Israeli shoots him to death in Tel Aviv.
在拉宾签署了第二轮《奥斯陆协定》之后，没过多久，一名以色列极右翼分子就在特拉维夫把拉宾枪杀了。
This violence showed how the extremists on both sides can use violence to derail peace, and keep a permanent conflict going as they seek the other side's total destruction.
这场暴力事件也表明了，双方的极端分子是如何利用暴力破坏和平的，并在寻求彻底摧毁对方的过程中让冲突永久持续下去。
That's a dynamic that's been around ever since.
从那时起，这种态势就一直存在。
Negotiations meant to hammer out the final details on peace drag on for years, and a big Camp David Summit in 2000 comes up empty.
旨在敲定有关和平的最终细节的谈判一拖就是数年，在2000年的戴维营峰会中，也并未取得任何进展。
Palestinians come to believe that peace isn't coming, and rise up in a Second Intifada, this one much more violent than the first.
巴勒斯坦人开始相信和平不会到来，第二次起义也爆发了，这次起义比第一次起义更加激烈。
By the time it wound down a few years later, about 1,000 Israelis and 3,200 Palestinians had died.
几年后，起义结束之时，有1,000名以色列人和3,200名巴勒斯坦人在这场起义中丧生。
The Second Intifada really changes the conflict.
第二次起义真正改变了这次冲突。
Israelis become much more skeptical that Palestinians will ever accept peace, or that it's even worth trying.
以色列人更加怀疑巴勒斯坦人是否会接受和平，和平是不是真的值得一试。
Israeli politics shift right, and the country builds walls and checkpoints to control Palestinians' movements.
以色列政治右倾，该国也修建了隔离墙和检查站，以控制巴勒斯坦人的行动。
They're not really trying to solve the conflict anymore, just manage it.
他们不再试图真正去解决冲突，而只是管理爆发的冲突。
The Palestinians are left feeling like negotiating didn't work and violence didn't work, that they're stuck under an ever-growing occupation with no future as a people.
巴勒斯坦人觉得谈判的方式没用，暴力的方式也没用，他们被困在不断扩大的占领之下，成为了一个没有未来的民族。
That year, Israel withdraws from Gaza.
同年，以色列从加沙撤军。
Hamas gains power but splits from the Palestinian Authority in a short civil war, dividing Gaza from the West Bank.
哈马斯获得权力，但在一场短暂的内战中与巴勒斯坦权力机构分裂,将加沙与约旦河西岸分割开来。
Israel puts Gaza under a suffocating blockade, and unemployment rises to 40%.
以色列对加沙实施了严酷的封锁，这让失业率上升至40％。
This is the state of the conflict as we know it today.
这就是我们今天所熟知的巴以冲突。
It's relatively new, and it's unbearable for Palestinians.
这是最近的冲突状况，对于巴勒斯坦人来说，是无法忍受的。
In the West Bank, more and more settlements are smothering Palestinians, who often respond with protests and sometimes with violence, though most just want normal lives.
在约旦河西岸，越来越多的定居点压得巴勒斯坦人喘不过气来，巴勒斯坦人经常以抗议的方式作为回应，有时甚至使用暴力，尽管大多数人只想过正常的生活。
In Gaza, Hamas and other violent groups have periodic wars with Israel.
在加沙，哈马斯和其他暴力组织定期与以色列交战。
The fighting overwhelmingly kills Palestinians, including lots of civilians.
大量巴勒斯坦人在战争中身亡，其中包括许多平民。
In Israel itself, most people have become apathetic, and for the most part the occupation keeps the conflict relatively removed from their daily lives, with moments of brief but horrible violence.
在以色列，大多数人已经变得麻木不仁，在大多数情况下，占领反而使冲突相对远离了他们的日常生活，偶尔也会发生短暂而可怕的暴力事件。
There's little political will for peace.
这里几乎没有实现和平的政治意愿。
No one really knows where the conflict goes from here.
没有人真正知道这场冲突将何去何从。
Maybe a Third Intifada.
也许会爆发第三次起义。
Maybe the Palestinian Authority collapses.
也许巴勒斯坦权力机构会崩溃。
But everyone agrees that things, as they are now, can't last much longer--Israel's occupation of the Palestinians is too unstable to last, and that, unless something dramatic changes, whatever comes next will be much worse.
但每个人都同意，现在这样的状况，不可能持续太长时间了，以色列对巴勒斯坦的占领太不稳定，也不可能长久，除非出现戏剧性的变化，接下来的情况会更糟。
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