Guan Yu (died 219), courtesy name Guan Yunzhang, was a follower of Liu Bei, founder of the empire of Shu-Han (221-263), one of the Three Kingdoms (220-280). Guan Yu came from Xieliang (modern Linyi, Shanxi). Together with Zhang Fei he participated as a commander in the early campaigains of Liu Bei. When their troops were defeated by the warlord Cao Cao in 200, Guan Yu was captured but treated respectfully. He was even awarded the title of Determined general (Pian jiangjun ) and served Cao Cao during the battle of Guandu against the warlord Yuan Shao.
Inmidst the siege of Baima, Guan Yu withstood the enemy and was even able to kill Yuan Shao's commander Yan Liang. When the campaign was over, the returned into the service of Liu Bei.
In 208, Cao Cao undertook a campaign to conquer the middle Yangtze valley. Liu Bei had to retreat from Fancheng (modern Xiangfan, Hubei) and ordered Guan Yu to command the river fleet shipping down the Han River to Jiangling and Xiakou, where he was to meet with Liu Bei's forces and that of his ally Sun Quan.
In the battle of the Red Cliff (Chibi, modern Puqi, Hubei) Cao Cao was defeated and withdrew to the north. Guan Yu was appointed governor (taishou ) of the commandery of Xiangyang and awarded the title of General disturbing the bandits (dangkou jiangjun ). During Liu Bei's conquest of the Sichuan Basin, Guan Yu was appointed regional governor of the province of Jingzhou in the middle Yangtze region. In 219 Guan Yu, as General of the front (qian jiangjun ) besieged Cao Ren in the city of Fancheng. The defeat of Cao Ren was so devastating that Cao Cao considered shifting his residence from Xuxian (modern Xuchang, Shanxi) to a safer place.
Yet his advisors Sima Yi and Jiang Ji suggested using some differences between Liu Bei and Sun Quan to destruct the southern alliance. Sun Quan was asked to attack Guan Yu's rear position, and indeed, Sun Quan dispatched Lü Meng with an army to invade the province of Jingzhou. The troops garrisoned in Jingzhou turned their back towards Guan Yu because of his harshness towards his subordinated, and surrendered to Lü Meng. Lü Meng also captured some relatives of Guan Yu and thereby forced him to blow off his campaign in the north. Arrived at Zhangxiang (modern Dangyang, Hubei), Guan Yu was arrested together with his son Guan Ping, and was executed.
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