Sun Quan (182-252), courtesy name Sun Zhongmou, was the founder of the Wu dynasty (222-280) that ruled over of the Three Kingdoms (220-280). He was the younger brother of Sun Ce and son of Sun Jian, a warlord in the last decade of the Later Han period (25-220). He came from Fuchun (modern Fuyang, Jiangsu) and took part in his brother's conquest of the lower Yangtze region. When Sun Ce died in 200, Sun Quan took over his troops and his administrative apparatus. Sun Quan was able to attract a lot of capable political advisors, like Zhou Yu, Zhang Zhao, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and Zhuge Jin.
In 208, when the powerful warlord of the north, Cao Cao, threatened to conquer the middle Yangtze valley, Sun Quan was so frightened that he thought about offering his submission, yet Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu suggested creating an alliance with Liu Bei who controlled the region of Shu in the Sichuan Basin. The united army was able to defeat Cao Cao's troops in the battle of the Red Cliff (Chibi, modern Puqi, Hubei), with the outcome that none of the three warlords was able to conquer the territory of the other. Consequently, the Three Kingdoms developed. When Cao Cao's son Cao Pi proclaimed the Wei dynasty (220-265) in 220, Sun Quan officially accepted him as the new sovereign, and was rewarded for this step with the title of Prince of Wu. In 222 Sun Quan, his territory solidified enough, proclaimed himself Emperor of Wu, with the capital Wuchang (modern Echeng, Hubei). He choose a reign motto, established his own court and later moved the capital to Jianye (modern Nanjing, Jiangsu). Sun Quan expanded his territory to the south, pacified the natives tribes in the hills of Fujian and Hunan, and advanced to the South China Sea.
Sun Quan's alliance with Liu Bei continued, yet the armies of Wu conquered the middle Yangtze region, a war during which general Guan Yu was killed. In the battle of Yiling, Sun Quan defeated the troops of Liu Bei and pressed him back into the Sichuan Basin. Yet in order to check the expansion of the empire of Wei, the Sun Quan and Liu Bei made peace again.
Sun Quan's political surviving depended to a large extent from the cooperation with the local gentry of the lower Yangtze region, so that he had to include members of the eminent families in his administration and granted them large tracts of lands that had been conquered in the hill regions. The montain tribes (shanyue ) were forced to cede their lands that were settled by Chinese immigrants. The economical sourced with which the southern gentry was endowed also gave them a lot of political influence that the Wu dynasty had always to respect. This circumstance as well as the differences between different groups at the court endangered the dynasty. In his later years, Sun Quan demoted his crown prince Sun He and killed the Prince of Lu, Sun Ba, and nominated youngest son Sun Liang (r. 252-258 CE) as his heir.
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