英译汉第二篇
Human capital is unique and differs from any other capital. It is needed for companies to achieve goals, develop and remain innovative. Companies can invest in human capital for example through education and training enabling improved levels of quality and production. The original idea of human capital can be traced back at least to Adam Smith in the 18th century. Human capital is a collection of traits – all the knowledge, talents, skills, abilities, experience, intelligence, training, judgment, and wisdom possessed individually and collectively by individuals in a population.
人力资本是有别于其他任何一种资本的独特资本。公司需要人力资本来实现目标、取得发展并保持创新力。公司可以通过教育和培训等方式投资于人力资本，以此来提高质量和产量。人力资本的理念至少可以追溯到19世纪的亚当·斯密。人力资本是一系列特质的统称，包括个人所拥有的或一个群体集体拥有的所有知识、才能、技能、能力、经验、智力、培训、判断力和智慧。
In 2010, the OECD （the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development） encouraged the governments of advanced economies to embrace policies to increase innovation and knowledge in products and services as an economical path to continued prosperity. International policies also often address human capital flight, which is the loss of talented or trained persons from a country that invested in them, to another country which benefits from their arrival without investing in them. Since 2012 the World Economic Forum has annually published its Global Human Capital Report, which includes the Global Human Capital Index （GHCI）. In the 2017 edition, 130 countries are ranked from 0 （worst） to 100 （best） according to the quality of their investments in human capital. is at the top, with 77.12.
2010年，经济合作与发展组织鼓励发达国家的政府采取提高产品和服务创新性和知识含量的政策，走一条实现持续繁荣的经济发展之路。国际政策也经常涉及如何解决人力资本外流的问题，即，有才能或训练有素的人从为他们作出投资的国家（移出国）流入到另一个国家（移入国），而移入国没有对他们进行投资就可以获益。自从2012年起，世界经济论坛每年都会发布一份《全球人力资本报告》，其中包括“全球人力资本指数”。2017年的报告根据各国对人力资本的投入情况按照0到100分对130个国家进行了打分排名。挪威以77.12分高居榜首。
Human capital is distinctly different from the tangible monetary capital due to the extraordinary characteristic of human capital to grow cumulatively over a long period of time. The growth of tangible monetary capital is not always linear due to the shocks of business cycles. During the period of prosperity, monetary capital grows at relatively higher rate while during the period of recession and depression, there is deceleration of monetary capital. The concept of human capital has relatively more importance in labour-surplus countries. These countries are naturally endowed with more of labour due to high birth rate under the given climatic conditions. The surplus labour in these countries is the human resource available in more abundance than the tangible capital resource. This human resource can be transformed into human capital with effective inputs of education, health and moral values. The transformation of raw human resource into highly productive human resource with these inputs is the process of human capital formation.
人力资本有一个与众不同的特点，即，需要较长时间才能实现累积增长。正因如此，人力资本与有形的货币资本明显不同。由于商业周期的影响有形货币资本并不总是线性增长。在繁荣时期，货币资本增速相对较快，而在衰退和萧条时期，货币资本增速放缓。人力资本的理念对劳动力过剩的国家意义更大。这些国家有着得天独厚的气候条件，出生率较高，因此劳动力较多。这些过剩的劳动力就是可用人力资源，数量比有形资本资源还多。这种人力资源可以通过教育、健康和道德素质方面的有效投入转变为人力资本。而这种通过上述投入将原始人力资源转变为具有较高生产率的人力资源的过程就是人力资本形成过程。
The statistical indicator of estimating human development in each nation is Human Development Index （HDI）. It is the combination of "Life Expectancy Index", "Education Index" and "Income Index". The life expectancy index reveals the standard of health of the population in the country; the education index reveals the educational standard and the literacy ratio of the population; and the income index reveals the standard of living of the population. If all these indices have a rising trend over a long period of time, it is reflected in a rising trend in HDI. Human capital is measured by health, education and quality of standard of living. HDI is indicator of positive correlation between human capital formation and economic development. If HDI increases, there is a higher rate of human capital formation in response to a higher standard of education and health. Similarly, if HDI increases, per capita income of the nation also increases.
用于估量每个国家人类发展的统计指标就是“人类发展指数（HDI）”。该指数包括“预期寿命指数”、“教育指数”和“收入指数”。预期寿命指数衡量的是一个国家人口的健康水平，教育指数衡量的是人口的受教育水平和识字率，收入指数衡量的是人口的生活水平。如果这些指数长时间呈现不断上升的态势，那么HDI也会不断上升。人力资本的衡量标准包括健康状况、教育水平和生活质量。HDI体现了人力资本形成与经济发展之间的正相关关系。如果HDI增加了，意味着教育水平和健康状况改善了，人力资本形成的速度也相应加快了。同样，如果HDI增加了，意味着一国的人均收入也在增加。
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