声音简介
In contrast, when parents engaged in face-to-face conversation with the child- speaking in fully adult, sophisticated language as if the child could be part of a chatty, grown-up conversation— the impact on cognitive development was enormous.These richer interactions they called"language dancing.” Language dancing is being chatty, thinking aloud,and commenting on what the child is doing and what the parent is doing or planning to do.“Do you want to wear the blue shirt or the red shirt today?”“Do you think it will rain today?”“Do you remember the time I put your bottle in the oven by mistake?”and so on.Language dancing involves talking to the child about “what if,”and “do you remember,”and “wouldn't it be nice if”- questions that invite the child to think deeply about what is happening around him. And it has a profound effect long before a parent might actually expect a child to understand what is being asked.
In short, when a parent engages in extra talk, many, many more of the synaptic pathways in the child's brain are exercised and refined. Synapses are the junctions in the brain where a signal is transmitted from one nerve cell to another.In simple terms, the more pathways that are created between synapses in the brain, the more efficiently connections are formed. This makes the subsequent patterns of thought easier and faster.
This matters. A child who has heard 48 million words in the first three years won't just have 3.7 times as many well-lubricated connections in its brain as a child who has heard only 13 million words. The effect on brain cells is exponential.Each brain cell can be connected to hundreds of other cells by as many as ten thousand synapses.That means children who have been exposed to extra talk have an almost incalculable cognitive advantage./
对孩子说任何话都没关系——但是父母对孩子说话的方式影响很大。研究人员观察了父母和婴儿之间两种不同方式的对话。其中一种被他们称为“商业语言”——比如，“该小睡一会儿了”，“我们去兜兜风吧”，“喝完你的牛奶。”这样的对话简单直接，并不丰富复杂。里斯雷和哈特得出结论，这些类型的对话对认知发展的影响有限。
相比之下，当父母与孩子面对面交谈时——用完全成人的、复杂的语言说话，就好像孩子是健谈的成年人一样进行成人交谈——对认知发展的影响巨大。他们称这些更丰富的互动为“语言舞蹈”。语言舞蹈就是健谈的，像大声的思考问题，并且对孩子在做什么，父母在做什么或计划做什么进行评论。"今天你想穿蓝色衬衫还是红色衬衫？"“你认为今天会下雨吗？”“你还记得我错把你的瓶子放进烤箱的那次吗？”等等。语言舞蹈包括和孩子谈论“如果会怎样”、“你还记得吗”和“如果会不会很好”——这些问题会让孩子深入思考身边发生的事情。早在父母希望孩子理解被问及的事情之前，对话就已经产生了深远的影响。简而言之，当父母与孩子进行谈话时，孩子大脑中更多的突触通路得到了锻炼和完善。突触是大脑中信号从一个神经细胞传递到另一个神经细胞的连接点。简单来说，大脑中突触之间产生的通路越多，有效的连接就越高。这使得随后的思维模式变得更容易和更快。
这很重要。一个在头三年里听过4800万个单词的孩子，其大脑中形成良好的连接不仅仅是只听过1300万个单词的孩子的3.7倍，对脑细胞的影响来说，那是指数级的。每个脑细胞可以通过多达一万个突触与数百个其他细胞相连。这意味着与父母进行谈话的孩子有着几乎无法估量的认知优势。
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