（双语文稿）美国劳动力短缺如何解决？

Each day, about 10,000 baby boomers leave the U.S. workforce. Baby boomers are the generation of people born between 1946 and 1964. The COVID-19 pandemic only increased the amount of people retiring as older workers decided to retire early rather than risk getting sick.
每天大约有1万名婴儿潮一代离开美国劳动力市场。婴儿潮一代是指1946年至1964年间出生的这代人。新冠肺炎大流行只会增加退休人数，因为年老的工人决定提前退休，而不是冒着生病的风险。
"We're running out of workers. Why? Because baby boomers are retiring, and you don't have enough younger workers who are skilled to fill in their spots," said Dana Peterson, chief economist at The Conference Board, a research group.
研究机构世界大型企业联合会(The Conference Board)的首席经济学家达纳•彼得森(Dana Peterson)说：“我们的工人快用完了。为什么?因为婴儿潮一代正在退休，而你没有足够的年轻熟练工人来填补他们的位置。” 
She said the U.S. is going to have labor shortages. And she added that the pandemic quickened retirements and made labor shortages "more intense."
她说，美国将出现劳动力短缺。她补充说，大流行加速了退休进程，使劳动力短缺“更加严重”。
Selcuk Eren is a senior economist at The Conference Board. He said the problem is that for every person leaving, only one person is coming into the labor force. And a slowed-down labor force means limited growth.
塞尔柱˙艾伦是世界大型企业联合会的高级经济学家。他说，问题在于，每有一个人离开，只有一个人进入劳动力市场。劳动力增长放缓意味着经济增长受限。
He said, "So, one-on-one means that your labor force is not growing, which is going to slow down economic growth, as well."
他说，“所以，一换一意味着你的劳动力没有增长，这也会减缓经济增长。”
The federal government workforce is also expected to be hit hard as more boomers retire.
随着越来越多的婴儿潮一代退休，联邦政府的劳动力预计也将受到重创。
"Forty percent of the federal government is aged 55 or more as of now, so that means that this huge wave of retirements is coming," Eren says. "And you're going to have a difficult time to replace them, because there's not enough younger people, especially with the educational requirements that those jobs require."
艾伦说:“目前，联邦政府中有40%的人年龄在55岁以上，这意味着巨大的退休浪潮即将到来。你将很难找到替代他们的人，因为没有足够的年轻人，尤其是没有那些工作所要求的教育水平的年轻人。”
Most affected industries
受影响最严重的行业
A Conference Board report looks at industries that are likely to have shortages as older Americans leave the workforce. They include physical labor jobs like personal care, food services, cleaning, and jobs involving repairs and building, among others. Production and transportation jobs will also be affected by retiring baby boomers, but less so.
世界大型企业联合会的一份报告着眼于随着美国老年人离开劳动力市场而可能出现人才短缺的行业，这包括体力劳动工作，如个人护理、食品服务、清洁和涉及维修和建筑的工作等。生产和运输岗位也将受到婴儿潮一代退休的影响，但影响较小。
The report finds that the most severe labor shortages will be in health-related jobs as more aging boomers will require personal care.
报告发现，最严重的劳动力短缺将出现在与健康相关的工作岗位上，因为越来越多的婴儿潮一代将需要个人护理。
The possibility for labor shortages is mostly lower in jobs that require a college degree. STEM professionals, or those working in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, are at a lower risk of shortages. Jobs that permit remote work will have less intense labor shortages, the report says.
在需要大学学历的工作岗位上，劳动力短缺的可能性较低。STEM专业人员，或从事科学、技术、工程和数学工作的专业人员，短缺的风险较低。报告称，允许远程工作的工作将不会出现严重的劳动力短缺。
Possible solutions for labor shortages
劳动力短缺的可能解决方案
Immigration could be a way to lessen the effect of boomers leaving their jobs, Eren says.
艾伦说：移民可能是减轻婴儿潮一代离职影响的一种方式。 
Eren said, "That's probably the fastest solution, because it takes time to educate a younger person, to bring them to that skill level." He said, "The fastest solution is just immigration and giving priority to immigrants with those skills that we are going to be lacking. That's number one." He said number two is to keep baby boomers working by giving them incentives to stay in the workforce.
艾伦说，“这可能是最快的解决方案，因为教育一个年轻人，让他们达到那个技能水平需要时间。”他说:“最快的解决办法就是移民，优先考虑那些拥有我们将缺乏的技能的移民。这是第一位的。”他说，第二点是通过激励措施让婴儿潮一代留在劳动力市场继续工作。
Incentives could include tax and social security policies that do not punish someone who works into their seventies. And offering increased freedoms, like remote or part-time work, to people nearing retirement age.
激励措施可以包括税收和社会保障政策，这些政策不会惩罚那些工作到70多岁的人。为接近退休年龄的人提供更多的自由，比如远程或兼职工作。
For Chicago-based college professor Kristin Mariani, retiring baby boomers mean increased opportunities for her students.
对于芝加哥大学教授克里斯汀•马里亚尼来说，婴儿潮一代的退休意味着她的学生有更多的机会。
She said the effect is "... it's giving younger people, the generations that came after them, to become the change-makers, the decision-makers." Mariani is a professor at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
她说，效果是“……它让年轻人，他们的后代，成为变革者，决策者。”马里亚尼是芝加哥艺术学院的教授。
She added that it is important, "... to make sure that the education and the knowledge that is given to these individuals, that they will be able to move forward with these responsibilities."
她补充说，这很重要，“……确保给予这些人的教育和知识，使他们能够履行这些责任。”
I'm Gregory Stachel.