（三）听英翻中，学世界史-苦逼犹太流浪记
The Roman Period
罗马统治时期
TheRomans became the dominant world power.
接下来就轮到罗马登上历史舞台成为世界的主宰。
TheIsraelites again became a province in this Empire and it is shown in lightyellow.以色列人又一次成为了新帝国，罗马帝国，的一个省，在时间图上是黄色显示。
Thisis the time when Yeshua(Jesus) lived, from whom the Messianichope spread mostly to Gentiles in what is known today as Christianity.
这就是耶书亚（基督）生活的时期，他把先知弥撒亚即将到来的信息主要传播给Gentiles，Gentiles，就是今天我们所说的基督徒们，Christianity.
Thisexplains why Romans and Roman government is so prominent in the New Testament –because Rome ruled supreme at that time.
这就解释了，为什么在圣经新约里，罗马和罗马政权经常被提到，因为当时罗马政权是主导政权。
Second Jewish exile under the Romans
犹太人再次被放逐，这次是在罗马帝国统治之下。第一次是在公元前600年被巴比伦国王攻占了耶路撒冷之后放逐到巴比伦。
Fromthe time of the Babylonians (600 BC) the Israelites (or Jews as they werecalled now) had not been independent as they had been under the Kings of David.
从公元前600年的巴比伦王国时期开始，以色列人，今天被称作犹太人，再也没有独立过了，他们在自己的大卫王King David开创的统治下曾经是独立过一段时间的，那个独立时期大概是从公元前1000年，到公元前600年间，这四百年的期间。
Theywere ruled by other Empires. Resentment of this finally boiled over and theJews revolted against Roman rule.
之后他们一直都被其他帝国所统治。犹太人内心愤恨，于是在罗马统治期间他们也进行了反抗。
TheRomans came and destroyed Jerusalem (70 AD), burned down the 2ndTemple (only the Kotel remains to this day), and deported the Jews as slavesacross the Roman Empire.
罗马人来了，他们在公元70年毁坏了耶路撒冷，烧毁了第二圣殿，只有Kotel保存了下来。Kotel，就是哭墙，也被称作wailing wall. 重温一下，第二圣殿是在公元前530年到公元前330年波斯人统治下犹太人得以修建的圣殿。现在家园被罗马人毁坏，犹太人被流放到整个罗马帝国境内。
Thiswas the second Jewish exile.
这是犹太人第二次被放逐。
Sincethe Roman Empire was so large the Jews were scattered across the whole world.The tragedy of Masadaoccurred in this revolt.
罗马帝国疆域辽阔，所以犹太人相当于是四散开来分布到世界各地了。马萨达惨剧就是发生在公元72-73年间，是极端狂热的犹太人反抗罗马统治的最集中体现。等到罗马总督率领第十军团攻占马萨达城墙，等到他们顺着山体爬到城墙顶端的巨大岩石，等待他们的是960具犹太起义军的尸体。他们宁可选择集体自杀，也不愿被俘甚至投降。
马萨达是犹太人的圣地，世界遗产之一。位于犹地亚沙漠与死海谷底交界处的一座岩石山顶。
Afurther revolt in 135 AD led by Simon bar Kokhba again resulted in defeat and Jews were notpermitted to remain in the land.
公元135年犹太人Simon bar Kokhba领导了反抗罗马统治的起义，结果失败。之后罗马统治者就不允许犹太人继续呆在耶路撒冷的土地上了。
Romerenamed Judea as Syria Palaestina (wherewe get the modern word Palestine) and Jerusalem (still in ruins from 70 AD) toAelia Capitolina.
罗马统治者把犹大城Judea重新命名为Syria Palaestina，现在我们所指的巴勒斯坦Palestine就是从这里来的。并且把耶路撒冷城Jerusalem重新命名为Aelia Capitolina。自从公元70左右被罗马人毁坏后直到此时耶路撒冷仍然还是一片废墟。
Andthis is how the Jewish people lived for almost 2000 years: dispersed in foreignlands and never accepted in these lands.
从那时开始之后的两千年间犹太人就是这样生存的：四散在陌生的地面上，然而从来没有被真的接纳过。
Inthese different nations they regularly suffered anti-semitic persecutions.
在这些不同的国家里他们经常遭受反犹太的迫害。Anti-Semitic 就是指反犹太的。
Persecutionof the Jews was particularly true in Christian Europe.
对犹太人的迫害尤其以基督教欧洲最严重。
From Spain (all Jews expelled from Spain in1492), across Western Europe, to Russia (intense pogroms by the Tsars in 1880’s) the Jews livedoften in a dangerous situation in these kingdoms and also in the Islamic caliphates.
在西班牙，所有的犹太人于1492年被整体驱逐出西班牙，到欧洲西部，到俄国，俄国沙皇1880年代针对犹太人进行过集中的有组织的屠杀，pogrom就是屠杀的意思。犹太人一直生活在危险之中，在伊斯兰政权下也是一样的。Islamic caliphate 就是指伊斯兰政权统治。
TheCurses of Moses from 1500 BC were accurate descriptions of how they lived.
公元前1500年摩西发出的诅咒就是他们的生活的真实写照。
…Amongthose nations you will find no repose, no resting place for the sole of yourfoot. There the Lord will give you an anxious mind, eyes weary with longing,and a despairing heart.
他说，在这些国度里，你们得不到喘息，你们的双脚得不到歇息。上帝让你们头脑焦虑，眼神焦渴，内心绝望。
TheCurses against the Israeliteswere given to make people ask:
针对以色列人的诅咒使得人们发出疑问：
Allthe nations will ask: ‘Why has the Lord done this to this land? Why thisfierce, burning anger?’
所有的国家都会问，问什么上帝对这片土地有如此的惩罚，为什么他的愤怒如此激烈，燃烧？
Andthe answer was:
回答是：
‘…theLord uprooted them from their land and thrust them into another land…’
上帝把他们从家园连根拔起，把他们掷向别处去。。。
Thetimeline below shows this 1900-year period. This period is shown in a long redbar in a timeline extending to modern-day.
下面的时间线也显示了这长达1900年的被放逐的区间。红色显示，一直到现代时期。
Youcan see that the Jewish people went through two periods of exile but the secondexile was much longer than the first exile.
你能看到，犹太人经历了两次被放逐，不过第二次远远长于第一次。
The 20thCentury Holocaust
二十世纪的大屠杀
Anti-Semitismreached its peak when Hitler, through Nazi Germany, tried to exterminate allthe Jews living in Europe with the Shoah. He almost succeeded but he was defeated and a remnant ofJews survived.
反犹太主义在二战达到顶峰，纳粹德国希特勒试图用种族屠杀来灭绝生活在欧洲的犹太人。Shoah,就是Holocaust，大屠杀。他快要得逞的时候终于还是被打败了。一部分犹太人得以幸存。
Modern Re-birth of Israel
现代以色列的重生
Thefact that there were people who identified themselves as ‘Jews’ after manyhundreds of years with anti-semitic persecution and without a homeland andlanguage was remarkable.
在这么多个世纪的反犹太迫害之后，在经历了失去家园流离失所，以及在经历了失去自己的文字之后，仍然有人称自己是Jews，犹太人，这让我们感到是remarkable，非常发人深省。
Butthis allowed the final words of Moses in the Torah, written down 3500 yearsago, to come true.
但是这也使得摩西在3500年前写在《摩西五经》里的预言得以成真。
In1948 the Jews, through the United Nations, saw the remarkable re-birth of themodern state of Israel, as Moses had written centuries before:
1948年，在联合国主持下，现代以色列得以重生了，就像摩西在很多个世纪以前说的那样：
…thenthe Lord your God will restore your fortunes and have compassion on you andgather you again from all the nations where he scattered you.
然后你们的主，也就是上帝，会重新恢复你们的福祉，同情你们，从将你们散落在的国家里把你们重新召集。
Evenif you have been banished to the most distant land under the heavens, fromthere the Lord our God will gather you and bring you back.
即便你们被驱逐到天穹之下最遥远的地方，从那里，主，也即我们的上帝，也会召集你们，把你们接回家园。
Itwas also remarkable since this state of Israel was birthed in spite of greatopposition.
同样引人注目的是，现代以色列是在一片反对声中降生的。Most of the surroundingnations waged war against Israel in 1948…in 1956…in 1967 and again in 1973.
大多数邻国都和以色列相继打过仗，比如在1948，1956，1967，1973 年，等等。
Israel oftenwas at war with five nations at the same time.
以色列经常同时跟五个国家开战。
Yet not only did Israel survive, but theterritories increased.
然而以色列不仅生存下来了，而且国土面积还有所增加。
In the war of1967 Israel regained Jerusalem, their historic capital city David had founded3000 years ago.
在1967年的战争中，以色列重新得到了耶路撒冷，他们的祖先大卫王3000年前曾在这里建立国都。
The ongoingconflicts with surrounding peoples has created one of the most difficultsecurity problems in the world today.
与邻国人民持续地冲突使得这个地区成为今天世界最挠头地争议地区。
ThoughAbraham’s descendants now have an independent state, the blessings promised solong ago to Abraham seem elusive still.
尽管亚伯拉罕的后代现在已经拥有一个独立的国度，但是向亚伯拉罕允诺过的福祉，似乎仍然是虚无缥缈的。
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