（九）在生态文明建设上
9. Spurring ecological advancement
改革开放以后，党日益重视生态环境保护。同时，生态文明建设仍然是一个明显短板，资源环境约束趋紧、生态系统退化等问题越来越突出，特别是各类环境污染、生态破坏呈高发态势，成为国土之伤、民生之痛。如果不抓紧扭转生态环境恶化趋势，必将付出极其沉重的代价。党中央强调，生态文明建设是关乎中华民族永续发展的根本大计，保护生态环境就是保护生产力，改善生态环境就是发展生产力，决不以牺牲环境为代价换取一时的经济增长。必须坚持绿水青山就是金山银山的理念，坚持山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理，像保护眼睛一样保护生态环境，像对待生命一样对待生态环境，更加自觉地推进绿色发展、循环发展、低碳发展，坚持走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。
Since the launch of reform and opening up, the Party has paid increasingly greater attention to ecological conservation and environmental protection, a major area in which we are still falling short. China faces increasingly grave problems in the form of tightening environmental and resource constraints and ecological degradation. In particular, environmental pollution and ecological damage of various kinds are becoming increasingly commonplace, impairing our country’s development and people’s wellbeing. We will pay an extremely heavy price unless we reverse the trend of ecological and environmental deterioration as soon as possible.
The Central Committee has emphasized that ecological conservation is of vital importance for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation. To protect the environment is to protect the productive forces, and to improve the environment is to boost the productive forces. We must never sacrifice the environment in exchange for transient economic growth. We must stay true to the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, continue our holistic approach to the conservation of mountain, river, forest, farmland, lake, grassland, and desert ecosystems, and protect and cherish our natural environment as we do our own lives. We must act with greater resolve to promote green, circular, and low-carbon development, and adhere to a model of sustainable development featuring increased production, higher living standards, and healthy ecosystems.
党从思想、法律、体制、组织、作风上全面发力，全方位、全地域、全过程加强生态环境保护，推动划定生态保护红线、环境质量底线、资源利用上线，开展一系列根本性、开创性、长远性工作。党组织实施主体功能区战略，建立健全自然资源资产产权制度、国土空间开发保护制度、生态文明建设目标评价考核制度和责任追究制度、生态补偿制度、河湖长制、林长制、环境保护“党政同责”和“一岗双责”等制度，制定修订相关法律法规。优化国土空间开发保护格局，建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，持续开展大规模国土绿化行动，加强大江大河和重要湖泊湿地及海岸带生态保护和系统治理，加大生态系统保护和修复力度，加强生物多样性保护，推动形成节约资源和保护环境的空间格局、产业结构、生产方式、生活方式。党领导着力打赢污染防治攻坚战，深入实施大气、水、土壤污染防治三大行动计划，打好蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战，开展农村人居环境整治，全面禁止进口“洋垃圾”。开展中央生态环境保护督察，坚决查处一批破坏生态环境的重大典型案件、解决一批人民群众反映强烈的突出环境问题。我国积极参与全球环境与气候治理，作出力争二〇三〇年前实现碳达峰、二〇六〇年前实现碳中和的庄严承诺，体现了负责任大国的担当。
Through all-out efforts in the areas of theory, law, institutions, organization, and conduct, the Party has strengthened ecological conservation and environment protection in all dimensions and regions and at all times. We have promoted the enforcement of red lines for ecological conservation, set benchmarks for environmental quality, imposed caps on resource utilization, and launched a whole raft of pioneering initiatives that will have fundamental and far-reaching significance. We have worked to implement the functional zoning strategy and set up sound systems in the following areas: property rights for natural resource assets, territorial space development and protection, performance evaluation and accountability for ecological conservation, compensation for ecological conservation, designation of river, lake, and forest chiefs, assignment of equal responsibilities for environmental protection to Party committees and governments, and charging officials with environmental protection responsibilities in addition to their prescribed duties. Corresponding laws and regulations have been formulated and/or revised.
We have optimized planning for development and protection of territorial space, built a national park-based system of nature reserves, moved forward with large-scale afforestation, and better protected and improved the ecosystems of major rivers, lakes, and wetlands, and coastlines. We have redoubled efforts to preserve and restore ecosystems and protect biodiversity, and developed spatial layouts, industrial structures, and ways of production and living that help conserve resources and protect the environment.
Under the Party’s leadership, China has achieved initial success in the critical battle against pollution. Three major action plans on addressing air, water, and soil pollution have been fully implemented. We have continued working to keep our skies blue, our waters clear, and our lands pollution-free, improved rural living environments, and completely banned the importation of solid waste. We have carried out central government environmental inspections, strictly investigated and prosecuted a number of major representative cases of ecological damage, and addressed a number of environmental problems that have aroused strong public concern. China has played an active role in global environmental and climate governance, and pledged to reach peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060, demonstrating its commitment to act as a responsible major country.
党的十八大以来，党中央以前所未有的力度抓生态文明建设，全党全国推动绿色发展的自觉性和主动性显著增强，美丽中国建设迈出重大步伐，我国生态环境保护发生历史性、转折性、全局性变化。
Since the Party’s 18th National Congress, the Central Committee has devoted greater efforts than ever before to ecological conservation. The whole Party and the entire nation have become more conscious and active in pursuing green development, and made significant progress in building a Beautiful China. Our environmental protection endeavors have seen sweeping, historic, and transformative changes.
（十）在国防和军队建设上
10. Strengthening national defense and the armed forces
改革开放以后，人民军队革命化现代化正规化水平不断提高，国防实力日益增强，为国家改革发展稳定提供了可靠安全保障。党中央强调，强国必须强军、军强才能国安，必须建设同我国国际地位相称、同国家安全和发展利益相适应的巩固国防和强大人民军队。
Since the launch of reform and opening up, China has made constant progress in building a more revolutionary, modernized, and standardized military and enhancing its national defense capabilities. This has provided reliable security guarantees for China’s reform, development, and stability. The Central Committee has stressed that a country needs a strong military before it can truly be strong and secure. China must build fortified national defense and a strong people’s military commensurate with its international standing and its security and development interests.
党提出新时代的强军目标，确立新时代军事战略方针，制定到二〇二七年实现建军一百年奋斗目标、到二〇三五年基本实现国防和军队现代化、到本世纪中叶全面建成世界一流军队的国防和军队现代化新“三步走”战略，推进政治建军、改革强军、科技强军、人才强军、依法治军，加快军事理论现代化、军队组织形态现代化、军事人员现代化、武器装备现代化，加快机械化信息化智能化融合发展，全面加强练兵备战，坚持走中国特色强军之路。
The Party has set objectives for strengthening the military and defined China’s military strategy for the new era. It has formulated the following three-step development strategy for modernizing national defense and the armed forces:
--achieving the centenary objectives of the People’s Liberation Army by 2027;
--basically completing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces by 2035; and
--fully transforming the armed forces into world-class forces by the mid-21st century.
The Party has worked to enhance the political loyalty of the armed forces, strengthen them through reform, science and technology, and training of competent personnel, and run them in accordance with the law. It has accelerated efforts to modernize military theory, organization, personnel, and weaponry and equipment and to integrate mechanization with the application of information and smart technologies within the military. Troop training and battle preparedness have been bolstered across the board. Through these efforts, China has adhered to its own path in building a strong military.
建设强大人民军队，首要的是毫不动摇坚持党对人民军队绝对领导的根本原则和制度，坚持人民军队最高领导权和指挥权属于党中央和中央军委，全面深入贯彻军委主席负责制。有一个时期，人民军队党的领导弱化问题突出，如果不彻底解决，不仅影响战斗力，而且事关党指挥枪这一重大政治原则。党中央和中央军委狠抓全面从严治军，果断决策整肃人民军队政治纲纪，在古田召开全军政治工作会议，对新时代政治建军作出部署，恢复和发扬我党我军光荣传统和优良作风，以整风精神推进政治整训，全面加强军队党的领导和党的建设，深入推进军队党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争，坚决查处郭伯雄、徐才厚、房峰辉、张阳等严重违纪违法案件并彻底肃清其流毒影响，推动人民军队政治生态根本好转。
To build strong people’s armed forces, it is of paramount importance to uphold the fundamental principle and system of absolute Party leadership over the military, to ensure that supreme leadership and command authority rest with the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission (CMC), and to fully enforce the system of the CMC chairman assuming overall responsibility.
For a period of time, the Party’s leadership over the military was obviously lacking. If this problem had not been completely solved, it would not only have diminished the military’s combat capacity, but also undermined the key political principle that the Party commands the gun. Setting their sights on this problem, the Central Committee and the CMC have worked vigorously to govern the military with strict discipline in every respect and made resolute decisions to enforce political discipline within the military. At the conference on military political work in 2014 in Gutian, Fujian Province, a plan was unveiled for enhancing the political loyalty of the armed forces in the new era, restoring and carrying on the proud traditions and fine conduct of the Party and the military, and improving political work through rectification. An all-around push was made to strengthen the Party’s leadership and Party building, improve Party conduct, build integrity, and fight corruption in the military. Grave violations of Party discipline and state laws including those involving Guo Boxiong, Xu Caihou, Fang Fenghui, and Zhang Yang were thoroughly investigated and punished, and their negative influence was completely eliminated. With this, the political environment in the people’s armed forces has made a fundamental turn for the better.
党提出改革强军战略，领导开展新中国成立以来最为广泛、最为深刻的国防和军队改革，重构人民军队领导指挥体制、现代军事力量体系、军事政策制度，裁减现役员额三十万，形成了军委管总、战区主战、军种主建新格局。面对世界新军事革命，我们实施科技强军战略，建设创新型人民军队，建设强大的现代化后勤，国防科技和武器装备建设取得重大进展。实施人才强军战略，确立新时代军事教育方针，明确军队好干部标准，推动构建三位一体新型军事人才培养体系，培养有灵魂、有本事、有血性、有品德的新时代革命军人，锻造具有铁一般信仰、铁一般信念、铁一般纪律、铁一般担当的过硬部队。贯彻依法治军战略，构建中国特色军事法治体系，加快治军方式根本性转变。推进军人荣誉体系建设。
The Party has set forth the strategy of strengthening the armed forces through reform, and led efforts to conduct the most extensive and profound reform of national defense and the armed forces since the founding of the People’s Republic. It has reshaped the leadership and command system of the military, its system of modern military forces, and its system of military policies. The number of active service personnel has been cut by 300,000. A new military structure has been established with the CMC exercising overall leadership, the theater commands responsible for military operations, and the services focusing on developing capabilities.
In response to the new global military revolution, we have implemented the strategy of strengthening the armed forces through science and technology. We have made our people’s military more innovative, established a robust modern logistics system, and achieved major progress in developing weapons and equipment and national defense-related science and technology.
We have implemented the strategy of strengthening the armed forces by training competent personnel, established military education policies for the new era, and specified a set of criteria for good military officers. We have worked to develop a new type of military personnel training system consisting of military academies, military training, and military vocational education to train revolutionary officers and soldiers in the new era with faith, ability, courage, and integrity, and to build highly capable forces with ironclad convictions, beliefs, discipline, and sense of duty.
We have implemented the strategy of running the armed forces in accordance with the law, built a Chinese system for law-based administration of military affairs, and expedited fundamental transformations in the way our military is run. We have advanced the development of the military honors system.
党提出新时代人民军队使命任务，创新军事战略指导，调整优化军事战略布局，强化人民军队塑造态势、管控危机、遏制战争、打赢战争的战略功能。人民军队紧紧扭住战斗力这个唯一的根本的标准，扭住能打仗、打胜仗这个根本指向，壮大战略力量和新域新质作战力量，加强联合作战指挥体系和能力建设，大力纠治“和平积弊”，大抓实战化军事训练，建设强大稳固的现代边海空防，坚定灵活开展军事斗争，有效应对外部军事挑衅，震慑“台独”分裂行径，遂行边防斗争、海上维权、反恐维稳、抢险救灾、抗击疫情、维和护航、人道主义救援和国际军事合作等重大任务。
The Party has set the missions and tasks for the armed forces in the new era. It has created new methods for providing military strategic guidance, improved the military strategic layout, and strengthened the armed forces’ strategic functions in shaping our military posture, managing crises, and deterring and winning wars. Devoting intense focus to combat effectiveness as the sole criterion that matters most and to their fundamental purpose of being able to fight and win, the people’s armed forces have strengthened their strategic forces and new-domain forces with new combat capabilities, and they have improved command systems and capacity for joint operations. They have worked hard to address “peacetime ills,” vigorously strengthened training under combat conditions, and built strong, well-structured, and modern border defense, coastal defense, and air defense systems. The armed forces have remained committed to carrying out military struggles in a flexible manner to counter military provocations by external forces, and they have created a strong deterrent against separatist activities seeking “Taiwan independence.” They have conducted major operations related to border defense, protecting China’s maritime rights, countering terrorism and maintaining stability, disaster rescue and relief, fighting Covid-19, peacekeeping and escort services, humanitarian assistance, and international military cooperation.
党的十八大以来，在党的坚强领导下，人民军队实现整体性革命性重塑、重整行装再出发，国防实力和经济实力同步提升，一体化国家战略体系和能力加快构建，建立健全退役军人管理保障体制，国防动员更加高效，军政军民团结更加巩固。人民军队坚决履行新时代使命任务，以顽强斗争精神和实际行动捍卫了国家主权、安全、发展利益。
Since the Party’s 18th National Congress, the people’s military has been through an all-around revolutionary restructuring under the firm leadership of the Party in preparation for the next stage, while our defense capabilities have grown in step with our economic strength. Integration of national strategic systems and capabilities has accelerated, sound administrative and support systems for ex-service members have been established, defense mobilization has become more efficient, and greater unity has been cultivated between the military and the government and between the military and civilians. Firmly carrying out the missions of the new era, the people’s military has taken concrete actions to safeguard our national sovereignty, security, and development interests with an indomitable fighting spirit.
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