Part 1 英国概况
Chapter 1 国土与人民 Land and People
知识点名称 知识点内容
1.地理特征
地理位置：(1) The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover. (2) The capital of the UK is London, the world's leading commercial, financial, and cultural centers.(3) The UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel.It is bordered on3the east by the North Sea. (4) Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales.
UK is made up of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 1） 英法之间的英吉利海峡很窄，最窄的部分叫做多佛海峡。（2） 英国的首都是伦敦，世界领先的商业、金融和文化中心。（3） 英国南部与英国接壤频道。它东临北海。（4） 大不列颠由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。英国由大不列颠和北爱尔兰组成。
河流湖泊：(1) The Thames and the Severn are the longest rivers in Britain. The Thames weaves through London and provides water to it. (2) Lough Neagh is the
largest lake on the island of Great Britain.泰晤士河和塞文河是英国最长的河流。泰晤士河蜿蜒穿过伦敦，为其供水。（2） 内伊湖是大不列颠岛上最大的湖。
2.气候(1) The UK has a maritime climate, which is characterized by cool temperatures, frequently cloudy days and rainstorms.英国属于海洋性气候，其特点是气温凉爽，经常阴天和暴雨。
影响气候的因素：① Surrounding waters② The prevailing southwest winds or the Westlies ③ North Atlantic Drift .① 周围海域②盛行西南风或西风③北大西洋漂移
降雨：The UK has a steady reliable rainfall the whole year.英国全年降雨量稳定可靠。
3. 人口
Modern English is derived mainly from the Germanic dialects spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes and heavily influenced by the language of the Danesand French.现代英语主要来源于盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人所说的日耳曼方言，深受丹麦人和法语的影响。
宗教：The greatest of these occurred in England in the 16 th century, when Henry
Ⅷ rejected the supremacy of the pope.其中最大的一次发生在16世纪的英国，当时亨利八世拒绝了教皇的至高无上地位。
城镇化（Urbanization）：①UK is among the most urbanized of countries.英国是城市化程度最高的国家之一。
②With polluted skies and grimy buildings, Birmingham was once called "Black Country." 伯明翰之前污染严重，天空阴暗，建筑物肮脏，它被称为“黑区”。
Chapter 2 国家的起源 The Origins of a Nation（5000BC-1066）
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1.
罗马统治下的英国(55 BC–AD 410)罗马人的入侵（Roman Invasion）：(1) brought the new religion, Christianity,
to Britain.(2) Romans never fully occupy Britain because: ① some parts of the country resisted. ②Roman troopswere often withdrawn from Britain.（1） 罗马人从来没有完全占领过英国，因为：①该国的一些地区反抗。② 罗马军队经常从英国撤出。
The Roman remained in control of Britain for nearly 400 years, but the Roman
always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.罗马人统治英国将近400年，但罗马人一直把英国人当作奴隶阶级的臣民。
2.
盎格鲁-撒克逊时期三个日耳曼入侵者：In the mid-5th century, three Teutonic tribes became new
invaders: Jutes（from southern Denmark）, Saxons, and Angles （ both from northern Germany）.Angles were to give their name to the English people.
五世纪中叶，三个条顿部落成为新的侵略者：朱特人（来自丹麦南部）、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人（均来自德国北部），盎格鲁人将他们的名字命名为英国人。
第一任坎特伯雷大主教（first Archbishop of Canterbury）In 597，St. Augustine圣奥古斯丁
英国基础：They divided the country into shires, which the Normans later called countries, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for
administering laws.他们把这个国家划分为郡，诺曼人后来称之为国家，由郡法院和郡里夫，或郡长，负责管理法律。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Their gods: Tiu;
Woden ; Thor; and Freya. The word “Thursday”derives from Thor, the Teutonic god of Storms.盎格鲁撒克逊人把他们自己的条顿宗教带到了英国。他们的神：提乌、沃登、托尔和弗雷娅。“星期四”一词来源于日耳曼风暴之神托尔。
Heptarchy：seven kingdoms set up by the Anglo-Saxons: Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria.七大王国：盎格鲁撒克逊人建立的七个王国：肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、韦塞克斯、东安格利亚、梅西亚和诺森伯里亚
3. 诺曼征服（1066）
封建制度完全确立：The Norman Conquest of 1066（诺曼征服）: ① the best-known event in English history.英国历史上最著名的事件。 ②William the Conqueror（征服者威廉）replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government by confiscating（没收）almost all the land and gave it to his followers, so the feudal system was completely established.征服者威廉用一个强大的诺曼政府取代了软弱的撒克逊统治，没收了几乎所有的土地并将其交给他的追随者，因此封建制度完全建立起来。
Chapter 3 国家的形成 The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)
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知识点内容
1.诺曼王朝的统治
（1066-1154）
威廉的统治（William’s Rule） ：(1) Under William, the feudal system was completely established. (2) Bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves. (3) William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book. Today, the Domesday Book is kept in the public Records Office in London.（1） 在威廉的统治下，封建制度完全建立起来。（2） 封建等级的最底层是农奴或农奴，他们是不自由的农民，他们比奴隶差一点。（3） 威廉派他的办事员去编制财产记录，这本书被称为《多姆斯代伊书》。今天，《每日邮报》保存在伦敦的公共档案局。
(1) Henry II’s reforms increased the work of the Chancery both in amount and in
sophistication. (2) strengthened the king’s Court and extended its judicial work.亨利二世的改革在数量和复杂程度上增加了大法官府的工作。（2） 加强了国王的法庭，扩大了它的司法工作
The author of The Canterbury Tales is Geoffrey Chaucer.《坎特伯雷故事集》的作者是杰弗里乔叟。
2. 大宪章和议会
开端
大宪章：(1) The barons' charter, or Magna Carta, was presented in the summer of 1215 at a conference at Runnymede. Magna Carta, or the barons' charter, is regarded as the foundation of English liberties. 1215年夏天，在拉尼米德召开的一次会议上提出了男爵宪章或大宪章。普遍大宪章，或男爵宪章，被认为是英国自由的基础。
(2) 内 容: It had 63 clauses. It is the most important clause: ①no tax without the
approval of the Grand Council.它有63个条款。这是最重要的条款：①未经大议会批准不得征税。
议会的开端：In 1265 Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster, which has been seen as the earliest parliament.
1265年，西蒙·德蒙福特召集大议会在威斯敏斯特开会，威斯敏斯特被视为最早的议会。
3. 与法国的百年战争
The intermittent war between France and England that lasted from 1337 to 1453. By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.从1337年到1453年法国和英国之间断断续续的战争。到1453年，加莱是法国唯一仍在英国人手中的地区
起因：The causes were partly territorial and partly economic.原因部分是领土问题，部分是经济原因。
结果：The expulsion of the English from France at the end of the Hundred Years' War is regarded as a blessing for both England and France.在百年战争结束时，英国人被逐出法国，这对英法两国来说都是一件好事。
4. 黑死病和 农民起义
黑死病① Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. ②It spread through Europe in the 14th century,
without warning and any cure. ③The economic consequences were far-reaching.
黑死病是一种由鼠蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫的现代名称。② 它在14世纪传遍了欧洲，没有任何警告和治疗方法。③ 经济后果是深远的。
农民起义（Peasant Uprising）（一）背景：As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor. Although the Peasant Uprising was brutally suppressed, it had far-reaching significance.由于瘟疫，许多土地无人照料，劳动力严重短缺。农民起义虽然遭到残酷镇压，但意义深远。
（二）影响：①It was a truly social movement, directed against the rich clergy and the lawyers and the landowners. ②It dealt a telling blow to villeinage , and a whole new class of yeomen farmers emerged. ③paving the way for the development of
capitalism.这是一场真正的社会运动，针对富有的神职人员、律师和地主。② 它给了村民们一个有力的打击，一个全新的自耕农阶级出现了。③ 为资本主义的发展铺平道路。
（三）事件： Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, moved on London in June 1381.
1381年6月，由沃特·泰勒和杰克·斯特劳领导的肯特郡和埃塞克斯郡的武装村民和市民向伦敦进发。
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