Chapter 7 政治 Government and Politics
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知识点内容
1.简介
① The country's head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of
government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons. ② The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II.
国家元首是在位的国王或王后，政府首脑是首相，他是下议院多数派政党的领袖。② 现在的君主是伊丽莎白二世女王。
2.宪政框架
①The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.
②The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the
judiciary. Here is some overlap between the branch, for example, the lord chancellor is a member of all three branches.① 英国宪法由成文法、普通法和公约组成。②政府的主要组成部分是立法机关、行政机关和司法机关。这里有一些部门之间的重叠，例如，大法官是所有三个分支的成员
3.议会
①Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.②The House of Commons is the real legislative branch.The national chief executive is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority party in the Commons. It is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament. It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides. ③ For the last 150 years a predominantly two-party system: the Conservative Party and the Labor Party since 1945. ④ In the UK, the role of
the final court of appeal (except in Scottish criminal cases) goes to Law Lords.议会由君主、上议院和下议院组成。②下议院是真正的立法机关分支机构国家行政长官是首相，他是下议院多数党的领袖。它由成人普选产生，由651名议员组成。立法的最终权力在于下议院。③ 在过去的150年里，主要是两党制：自1945年以来的保守党和工党。④ 在英国最终上诉法院（苏格兰刑事案件除外）由上议院审理。
4.
地方政府
In the UK, historic shires remain important cultural units and serve as a focus
for local identity, though they have little administrative power.在英国，历史悠久的郡仍然是重要的文化单位，也是地方认同的焦点，尽管他们没有什么行政权力
5. 两党制
①A two-party system has existed in the UK since the late 17th century. Since the mid.1920s the dominant groupings have been the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.②The decisive characteristic of the two-party system in Britain is that the main opposition party forms a "shadow" government,ready at any time to
take office.
自17世纪末以来，英国一直实行两党制。20世纪20年代中期以来，英国的主要政党是保守党和工党。②英国两党制的决定性特征是主要反对党组成“影子”政府，随时准备执政。
Chapter 8 社会与文化 Society and Culture
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知识点内容
1. 教育
中小学教育：① In the UK, primary education is free and compulsory from age 5to 11. ② In the UK， those secondary schools that prepare students for higher education are called grammar schools.在英国，小学教育从5岁到11岁是免费的义务教育。② 在英国，那些培养学生接受高等教育的中学被称为文法学校。
私立学校：①The great majority of British parents send their children to state schools. ② Alongside the state sector, a small number of private schools (often called "public schools") provide education for about one-twentieth of
children.① 绝大多数英国父母把孩子送到公立学校。② 除了国有部门外，少数私立学校（通常称为“公立学校”）为大约二十分之一的儿童提供教育。
①The Open University in the UK is a unique innovation in higher education. It is a degree-granting institution that provides courses of study for adults through television, radio, and local study programs. ② Students in the UK get
state-funded grants to pay for their college education.英国的开放大学是高等教育的独特创新。它是一个授予学位的机构，通过电视、广播和当地的学习项目为成人提供学习课程。② 英国的学生获得国家资助的助学金来支付他们的大学教育费用。
2.文化
The most remarkable was perhaps the emergence first of Liverpool and then of 、London in the 1960s as a world center of popular culture, The Beatles were only the first and best-known of the many British rock groups they win a world following.
最引人注目的也许是60年代利物浦和伦敦作为世界流行文化中心的崛起，披头士只是众多英国摇滚乐队中最早和最著名的，他们赢得了全世界的追随者。
British culture industry accounts for one-sixth of the world ’s cultural exports.英国文化产业占世界文化出口的六分之一
3.体育和娱乐
London is the first city to host the modern Olympic Games three times.
伦敦是第一个三次举办现代奥运会的城市。
Cricket's origins may date to 13th-century England, and county competition in
England was formally organized in the 19th century.板球的起源可以追溯到13世纪的英格兰，19世纪英格兰正式组织了郡际比赛。
4.传媒
In the UK, national newspapers are generally divided into two types: popular
papers and quality papers.在英国，全国性报纸一般分为两类：大众报纸和优质报纸。
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