国概重点4-5章（英国）

Chapter 4 过渡时期的英国 Transition to the Modern Age（1455-1688）
知识点名称 知识点内容
1. 向现代英国的
过渡 This time the instability was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,
the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.
这一次的不稳定是由金雀花家族的两个分支，兰开斯特家族和约克家族在1455年至1485年间的分支所造成的。
玫瑰战争： The name Wars of the Roses was coined by the great 19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott, but it has become the accepted way of referring to these battles between the great House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of
York, symbolized by the white.玫瑰之战这个名字是由19世纪伟大的小说家沃尔特·斯科特爵士创造的，但它已经成为一种公认的方式来指代以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族之间的战争。

2. 英国宗教改革宗教改革：(1) It began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy .Henry VIII’s reform resulted from the Pope’s refusal to annul his marriage.(2) 3 Important Effects: ① It stressed the power of the monarch and
strengthened Henry’s position. ② Parliament’s importance grew.③ from Cathoolicism towards Protestant ideology.它从一场离婚斗争开始，以摆脱教皇的自由而告终，亨利八世的改革源于教皇拒绝废除他的婚姻。（2）三个重要影响：①它强调了君主的权力，巩固了亨利的地位。② 议会的重要性逐渐增加。③从天主教到新教意识形态。
血腥玛丽 ：① Mary Tudor was a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she attempted to forcibly reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. Many people were1persecuted for their protestant religious views. At least 300 Protestants
were burnt as heretics. People call her“Bloody Mary”. ② Mary is remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.玛丽·都铎是个虔诚的天主教徒。当她成为女王后，她试图强行将英国恢复为罗马天主教。许多人因为他们的新教宗教观点而受到迫害。至少有300名新教徒被当作异教徒烧死。人们叫她“血腥玛丽”。② 玛丽被认为是失去法国加莱港的君主。
3. 伊丽莎白一世
（1558-1603）①She was 25 when she came to the throne. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and she remained single.②Elizabeth's reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts.她登基时25岁。她统治了英格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰45年，并保持了单一的统治地位。②伊丽莎白的统治是一个充满自信的英国民族主义的时代，在文学和艺术方面都取得了巨大的成就。
她与宗教改革：Elizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views.Her religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.伊丽莎白的宗教改革是观点。她宗教解决是不可接受的极端新教徒称为清教徒和热心的天主教徒。
外交：①The destruction of the Spanish Armada showed England's superiority as a naval power.②For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict.西班牙无敌舰队的毁灭显示了英国作为海军强国的优越性。②在将近30年的时间里，伊丽莎白成功地使两个天主教大国法国和西班牙相互较量，阻止了英国卷入任何重大的欧洲冲突。
4. 英国文艺复兴The English Renaissance was largely literary, and finest expression in
Elizabethan drama.英国文艺复兴时期主要是文学作品，也是伊丽莎白时期戏剧的最佳表现。
William Shakespeare, a dramatist and poet, the greatest writer in the English
language. He wrote 37 plays, such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and The Merchant of Venice, besides his sonnets.莎士比亚，剧作家和诗人，英国最伟大的作家。除十四行诗外，他还写了37部戏剧，如《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《哈姆雷特》、《威尼斯商人》。
5.内战
（1642-1651）别名：It is also called the Puritan Revolution, because the King's opponents were The Civil Wars （1642-1651）mainly puritan, and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and Catholic.它也被称为清教徒革命，因为国王的对手是内战（1642-1651），主要是清教徒，他的支持者主要是圣公会和天主教。
意义：It not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.它不仅推翻了英国封建制度，而且动摇了欧洲封建统治的根基。它被普遍认为是现代世界历史的开端。
6. 光荣革命背景：James II was removed from the English throne in the Glorious Revolution
because he was a Catholic.詹姆斯二世在光荣革命中被逐出英国王位，因为他是天主教徒。
内容：William landed at Torbay on November 15,1688 and marched upon London.In England this take-over was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This became known as the Glorious Revolutions.
威廉于1688年11月15日在托尔贝登陆并继续前进伦敦。在英格兰这次接管相对顺利，没有流血事件，也没有处决国王。这被称为光荣革命。
权利法案：William and Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights which, excluding any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons . On their acceptance of this Bill, William and Mary were crowned jointly in Westminster Abbey. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.威廉和玛丽共同接受了《权利法案》，该法案将罗马天主教徒排除在继承人之外，确认了议会至上的原则，并保证了上议院和下议院的言论自由。威廉和玛丽接受这项法案后，在威斯敏斯特大教堂共同加冕。君主立宪制的时代由此开始。
名称：The name Great Britain came into being when, in 1707, the Act of Union
（联合法案） united England and Scotland.
英国这个名字是在1707年《联合法案》统一英格兰和苏格兰时产生的。
Chapter 5 英帝国的兴衰（1688-至今）the Rise and Fall of the British Empire
知识点名称知识点内容
1. 工业革命
1. 工业革命辉格党&托利党：①Whigs and Tories, these two party names originated with the Glorious revolution. ②Whigs --- was a derogatory name for cattle drivers ; First Earl of Shaftsbury was considered to be the first leader of Whig party. ③Tories an Irish word meaning thugs , supported hereditary monarchy ;the Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.辉格党和托利党，这两个党的名字起源于光荣的革命。② 辉格党是对赶牛人的贬义名称；沙夫茨伯里的第一位伯爵被认为是辉格党的第一位领导人。③ 托利党（Tories）：一个爱尔兰单词，意为暴徒，支持世袭君主制；托利党是保守党的前身，至今仍有这个绰号
the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize.工业机械化18世纪末19世纪初英国工业的机械化及其社会经济组织的变化。英国是第一个工业化的国家。
具体发明：①John Kay’s flying shuttle speeded up hand weaving, creating demand for faster yarn spinning. Then spinning was revolutionized by James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny (1764). ②steam engine : the first steam engine1was devised by Thomas Newcomen; the Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the design of steam engine in 1765.③ The two events most alarmed the British ruling classes in the closing decades of the 18th century: the American War of Independence, “no tax without representation”; and the French Revolution.
约翰凯的飞梭加速了手工编织，创造了快速纺纱的需求。后来，詹姆斯哈格里夫斯的《纺纱珍妮》（1764年）彻底改变了纺纱。② 蒸汽机：第一台蒸汽机1是由托马斯·纽科门发明的；苏格兰发明家詹姆斯·瓦特于1765年修改和改进了蒸汽机的设计。③在18世纪的最后几十年里，英国统治阶级最为震惊的两件事是：美国战争
独立，“没有代表权就不征税”和法国大革命。
影响：① As a result of it, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world;” no other country was yet ready to compete with her in industrial production. ② Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth. ③The working
men worked and lived in appallingconditions. ④ It created the industrial
working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.
因此，到1830年，英国已成为“世界工厂”；还没有其他国家准备好在工业生产方面与她竞争。② 城镇迅速发展，成为国家财富的源泉。③ 工人们在骇人听闻的条件下工作和生活。④ 它创造了工业工人阶级，即无产阶级，后来又导致了工会主义。
2. 宪章运动The reform act of 1832- “greater charter of 1832, abolished “rotten boroughs,”and redistributed parliamentary seats for more fairly among the growing towns.1832年的改革法案——《1832年大宪章》（greater charter of 1832），废除了“腐朽的行政区”，并重新分配了议会席位，以便在不断增长的城镇中更加公平地分配
Chartism failed because of： ①its weak and divided leadership ② lack of coordination with trade unionism.宪章主义之所以失败，是因为：①领导层软弱分裂；②与工会主义缺乏协调。
aim of the London Working Men's Association：to seek by every legal means to place all classes of society in possession of equal political and social rights.
伦敦工人协会的宗旨：通过一切法律手段，使社会各阶层享有平等的政治和社会权利。
3. 战后的英国
背景：One of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastened the end of Britain’s empire.战争最深远的后果之一是它加速了英国帝国的灭亡。
女王登基：When George Ⅵ died in 1952,Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen
Elizabeth Ⅱ in Westminster Abbey.
1952年乔治六世去世后，伊丽莎白公主在威斯敏斯特大教堂加冕为伊丽莎白二世女王。
撒切尔：Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism: ① the return to private ownership of state-owned industries; ② the use of monetarist policies to control inflation;③ the weakening of trade unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces; ④ an emphasis on law and order. (2) Margaret Thatcher was removed by her own party in 1990 partly because of her opposition to European Union.
她的政策被普遍称为撒切尔主义：①国有工业回归私有制；②使用货币主义政策控制通货膨胀；③削弱工会，加强市场力量的作用；④强调法律和秩序。（2） 1990年，撒切尔夫人被自己的政党罢免，部分原因是她反对欧盟。
the immediate cause of the UK's entry into WWI is Germany’s invasion of Belgium.英国加入一战的直接原因是德国入侵比利时。
In 1911 the Parliament Act was passed, severely limiting the powers of the Lords and establishing the Commons as the supreme legislative body.
1911年通过了《议会法》，严格限制了上议院的权力，并将下议院确立为最高立法机构。
On July 7, 2005, London was struck by a terrorist bombing Britain’s worst attack
since World War II.2005年7月7日，伦敦发生了英国自二战以来最严重的恐怖袭击。
In 2011, Britain put an end to its tradition that the crown was only bestowed
on a daughter when there were no sons in the royal family.
2011年，英国结束了只有在王室没有儿子的情况下才授予女儿王位的传统