Part 1 英国概况 Chapter 1 国土与人民 Land and People
简答题
地理特征
What is Great Britain made up of?答案：Great Britain is made up of England,
Scotland and Wales.
大不列颠是由什么组成的？答案：英国是由英格兰组成的，
苏格兰和威尔士。
气候
What is the effect of the UK's climate on the Englishman's character? 答案：It has been said that the uncertainty about the weather has had a definite effect upon the Englishman's character. It tends to make him
cautious, for example.英英国的气候对英国人的性格有什么影响？答案：据说天气的不确定性对英国人的性格有一定的影响。例如，这会使他变得谨慎。
人口
What languages contributed to the shaping of the English language in history? 答案：Modern English is derived mainly from the Germanic dialects spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes and heavily influenced by the language of
the Danes( Vikings) and French.历史上哪些语言对英语语言的形成有贡献？现代英语主要来源于盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人所说的日耳曼方言，深受丹麦人（维京人）和法语的影响。
Chapter 2 国家的起源 The Origins of a Nation（5000BC-1066）
名词解释
曼征服
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in
England.1066年诺曼征服也许是英国历史上最著名的事件。征服者威廉没收了几乎所有的土地，并把它交给了他的诺曼追随者。他用强大的诺曼政府取代了软弱的撒克逊统治。所以封建制度在英国完全建立起来了。
答题
统治时期
①Why didn't the Romans totally occupy Britain? 答案：Two reasons: First, some parts of the country resisted. Second, Roman troops were often withdrawn from Britain to fight in other parts of the Roman Empire.① 为什么罗马人没有完全占领英国？答案：两个原因：一是部分地方反抗。第二，罗马军队经常从英国撤退到罗马帝国的其他地方作战。
②When did the recorded history of Britain begin? 答案：Britain recorded history began with the Roman invasion around 55BC.
② 有记载的英国历史是什么时候开始的？答案：英国有记载的历史始于公元前55年左右的罗马入侵
③Why did the Romans never fully occupy Britain between 55 BC and 410 AD? 答案：First, some parts of the country resisted. Secondly, Roman troops were often withdrawn from Britain to fight in other parts of the
Roman Empire.
③ 为什么罗马人从未在公元前55年至公元410年期间完全占领英国？答案：一是部分地区反抗。第二，罗马军队经常从英国撤回到罗马帝国的其他地方作战。
盎格鲁-萨克
逊时代
When did England begin to be Christianized?
答案：England began to be Christianized in 597.
英国什么时候开始基督教化的？
答案：英国于597年开始基督教化
诺曼征服
What was King Edward (1042-1066) known as?
答案：He was known as Edward "the Confessor".
爱德华国王（1042-1066）叫什么名字？
答案：他被称为爱德华“忏悔者”。
Chapter 3 国家的形成 The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)
名词解释
诺曼王朝的统治
English feudal system:答案：In this system, the King owned all the land
personally, who gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce.
英国封建制度：在这种制度下，国王个人拥有所有的土地，他把大量的地产给他的男爵们，作为回报，他许诺要服兵役，并分得一部分土地的农产品。
大宪章和议会的开端
the Great Charter (1215)：答案：The Great Charter, also called Magna Carta, was the first famous political document to limit the king's powers in English history. It had altogether 63 clauses. Although Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of
the powers of the king.
大宪章（1215）：大宪章，又称大宪章，是英国历史上第一个限制国王权力的著名政治文件。共有63条。虽然大宪章一直被认为是英国自由的基础，但它是对皇室和贵族之间封建法律关系的陈述，是教会自由的保证，是国王权力的限制。
黑死病与农民起义
the Black Death：答案：Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347 - 1350. It swept through
England in the summer of 1348 without warning and, most importantly, without any cure. It did not spare its victims, rich or poor, and death was swift and very painful. It killed between one half and one third of the population of England.黑死病：黑死病是一种由鼠蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫的现代名称。它在14世纪传遍欧洲，特别是1347-1350年。1348年夏天，它毫无征兆地席卷了英格兰，最重要的是，没有任何治疗方法。它不放过受害者，不管是富人还是穷人，死亡是迅速而痛苦的。它杀死了英国一半到三分之一的人口。
简答题
诺曼王朝的统治
① Who were at the bottom of the feudal scale in England under the rule
of William the Conqueror?答案：At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.① 在征服者威廉的统治下，谁是英国封建等级的最底层？答案：封建等级制度的最底层是农奴或农奴，他们是不自由的农民，比奴隶差一点
大宪章和议会的开端
①What is the Magna Carta also known as? 答案：It is also known as the baron's charter (the Great Charter).① 大宪章又叫什么？答案：它也被称为男爵宪章（大宪章）。
②What was the spirit of Magna Carta in relation to the king’s powers? 答案：The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation of the king's powers,
keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.② 大宪章的精神与国王的权力有什么关系？答案：《大宪章》的精神是对国王权力的限制，把权力限制在封建法律的范围之内。
与法国的数百年战争
What is the significance of the expulsion of the English from France? 答案：The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained, the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as
a foreign power occupied so much French territory.
把英国人驱逐出法国有什么意义？答案：将英国人驱逐出法国被视为两国的幸事；如果他们留下来，法国优越的国土面积和财富肯定会阻碍英国独立民族认同的发展，而只要一个外国势力占领了这么多法国领土，法国的民族认同就受到阻碍。
Chapter 4 过渡时期的英国 Transition to the Modern Age（1455-1688）
名词解释
向现代英国的过渡
Wars of the Roses
答案：Coined by Sir Waiter Scott, the name Wars of the Roses refers to the battles between the great House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white. The battles were fought between
1455 and 1485.玫瑰战争 答案：玫瑰之战是指以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族与以白玫瑰为象征的约克大家族之间的战争。战争发生在1455年至1485年之间。
查理一世与议会
The Divine Right of Kings君权神授
答案：The Divine Right of Kings was a belief held by most European rulers, who regarded their right to rule as God-given. James I, a firm believer in the idea, preferred no Parliament at all, which led to his confrontation with Parliament.国王的神圣权利 答案：国王的神圣权利是大多数欧洲统治者的信仰，他们认为自己的统治权是上帝赋予的。詹姆斯一世，一个坚定的信仰者，不喜欢议会，这导致他与议会的对抗。
英联邦the Commonwealth
答案：It is a free association of 50 independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.它是由50个曾经是英国殖民地的独立国家组成的自由联盟。成员国在经济上是联合在一起的，并有一定的贸易安排。成为英联邦成员的决定权留给每个国家。
王权复辟和1688 年的光荣革命
Bill of Rights (1689)
答 案 ：In 1689,the British Parliament passed the bill of Rights which excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession to the throne, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy.权利法案（1689）
答案：1689年，英国议会通过了一项权利法案，将任何罗马天主教徒排除在王位继承权之外，确认了议会至上的原则，保障了上议院和下议院的言论自由。它标志着君主立宪制的开始
简答题
英国宗教改革
①What happened after the English king was declared the head of the Church of Ireland, replacing the Pope?
答案：It was followed by centuries of religious and political persecution, which helped to strengthen and deepen Ireland's Catholic spirit.
① 在英国国王被宣布为爱尔兰教会领袖，取代教皇之后发生了什么？
答案：接下来是几个世纪的宗教和政治迫害，这有助于加强和深化爱尔兰的天主教精神。
②Who was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control?
答案：Henry VIII was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.② 谁是第一个将整个爱尔兰置于英国统治之下的国王？
答案：亨利八世是第一个将整个爱尔兰置于英国控制之下的国王。
伊丽莎白一世
① What were the effects of Elizabeth I's foreign policy in her reign? 答案：For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict.① 伊丽莎白一世统治时期的外交政策有什么影响？答案：近30年来，伊丽莎白成功地使两个天主教大国法国和西班牙相互较量，并阻止英国卷入任何重大的欧洲冲突。
②What were the two countries Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other for nearly 30 years?
答案：France and Spain were the two countries that Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other for nearly 30 years.
② 伊丽莎白一世在近30年里成功地与对方较量过的两个国家是什么？
答案：法国和西班牙是伊丽莎白一世近30年来成功与对方较量的国家。
③What was the military significance of the destruction of the Spanish Armada for Britain?
答案：It showed England’s superiority as a naval power.
③ 摧毁西班牙无敌舰队对英国有何军事意义？
答案：它显示了英国作为海军强国的优越性。
④Was the religious reform of Elizabeth I radical? 答案：No, it was a compromise of views.
④ 伊丽莎白一世的宗教改革是激进的吗？答案：不，这是意见的妥协。
⑤What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?
答案：These questions were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy,
the succession to the throne, and her finance.
⑤ 伊丽莎白一世把什么问题当作私人问题？
答案：这些问题是她的宗教信仰、婚姻、外交政策、王位继承和财政状况。
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