国概重点17-20章 加拿大 澳大利亚

Part 3 加拿大概况

Chapter 17 国土与人民 Land and people

1.地理区域

面积：(1) Canada is the world ’ s second largest country after Russia, it has
nearly 10 million square kilometers. It covers about two fifths of the North American continent. (2) Canada spans six time zones and borders three oceans.（1） 加拿大是仅次于俄罗斯的世界第二大国家，面积近1000万平方公里。它覆盖了北美大陆的五分之二。（2） 加拿大跨越六个时区，与三大洋接壤。


组成：(3)Canada consists of 10 provinces and three territories that vary greatly in size. (4)Farthest east is the Appalachian Region, which includes the Atlantic


Provinces and Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec.（3） 加拿大由10个省和3个地区组成，面积相差很大。（4） 最东边是阿巴拉契亚地区，包括大西洋省和魁北克的加斯佩半岛。


特征：①A big of rock dominates the Canadian landscape It is called the Canadian Shield（加拿大地盾）. ②Canada and the United States share a 6378 kilometer boundary
that has not been fortified for over a hundred years.① 一块巨大的岩石占据了加拿大的地貌，被称为加拿大地盾。② 加拿大和美国共有6378公里的边界，一百多年来一直没有设防。

2. 河流湖泊
In all the world there is no collection of fresh water to equal the Great Lakes.全世界没有比五大湖更丰富的淡水资源
Canada shares all of the lakes with the United States except Lake Michigan,which
lies entirely within the United States.加拿大与美国共享所有的湖泊，除了密歇根湖，它完全位于美国境内。
3.气候
Three main factors causing the differences of climate in Canada: ocean currents,
mountain ranges, and latitude.造成加拿大气候差异的三个主要因素：洋流、山脉和纬度。
4.植物
Plant life in Canada varies with land and climate, and by far the most abundant
form is boreal forest.加拿大的植物生活随土地和气候而变化，目前最丰富的形式是北方森林。
 5.人口
(1) By the time Canada became an independent nation in 1867. (2) At the time of Canada’ s first census ,in 1871,about half of the population was British and nearly one third was French. (3) The Indians, often collectively called the First nations, are the largest of the aboriginal groups. (4)Canada's aboriginal people are the Indians and the Inuit. (5)Beginning in the second half of the 20th  century, high birthrates and access to improved medical care contributed to the great increase
in the aboriginal population.
1867年加拿大成为独立国家时。（2） 在1871年加拿大第一次人口普查时，大约一半的人口是英国人，将近三分之一是法国人。（3） 印第安人，通常被统称为第一民族，是最大的土著群体。（4） 加拿大的土著居民是印第安人和因纽特人。（5） 从20世纪下半叶开始，高出生率和获得更好的医疗保健是土著人口大幅度增加的原因。
①The most common aboriginal languages are Cree,Inuktitut(the language of the Inuit),and Ojibwa. Both English and French are official languages of Canada, but English is dominant in most of the country. ② In Canada, among the linguistic groups whose mother tongue is neither English nor French, the largest one speakers
Chinese.最常见的土著语言是克里语、因纽特语（因纽特人的语言）和奥吉布瓦语。英语和法语都是加拿大的官方语言，但英语在加拿大大部分地区占主导地位。② 在加拿大，母语既不是英语也不是法语的语言群体中，说汉语的最多。
移民：①Canada's heterogeneous population has been shaped and reshaped by numerous
waves of immigration. ②The first permanent Canadian settlements were established by the French in the early 17th  century.① 大量移民潮塑造和重塑了加拿大的异质人口。② 法国在17世纪初建立了第一批加拿大永久定居点。
Christianity is the principal religion in Canada.基督教是加拿大的主要宗教。
6.文化
Charles G.D. Roberts is considered the father of Canadian literature.查尔斯·罗伯茨被认为是加拿大文学之父。
John Galt,a Scot who went to Ontario to promote colonization, wrote two works of
fiction based on his experiences —Lawrie Todd(1830) and Bogle Corbet(1831)约翰·高尔特，一个去安大略促进殖民地化的苏格兰人，根据自己的经历写了两部小说——劳里·托德（1830年）和博格尔·科比特（1831年）
The first novel set in Canada was The History of Emily Montague published in 1769.第一部以加拿大为背景的小说是1769年出版的《艾米丽·蒙塔格的历史》。
The totem-pole carvings of the Northwest Coast Indians are now recognized as
important works of Canadian visual arts.西北海岸印第安人的图腾柱雕刻现在被认为是加拿大视觉艺术的重要作品。
The Canadian writer Alice Munrowon the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature for her work
as“master of the modem short story.”加拿大作家爱丽丝·芒罗因其“现代短篇小说大师”的作品获得2013年诺贝尔文学奖
7.主要城市
Toronto, is the largest city in Canada.多伦多是加拿大最大的城市。
Ottawa is the capital of Canada, which is located in the Southern Ontario.渥太华是加拿大首都，位于安大略省南部。
Montreal is often considered the largest French-speaking city outside France.蒙特利尔通常被认为是法国以外最大的法语城市。
Chapter 18 历史、政治与经济 History, Government and Economy
1.历史
In 1497 an Italian named John Cabot sailed west from England hoping to find a new trade route to Asia. Instead he found his way to eastern Canada.  1497年，一位名叫约翰·卡博特的意大利人从英国向西航行，希望找到一条通往亚洲的新贸易路线。相反，他找到了去加拿大东部的路。
In 1534 the French Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and claimed
this area for his country.1534年，法国的雅克卡地亚进入圣劳伦斯湾，并声称这一地区是他的国家。
Westward Expansion:the final province, Newfoundland, joined the country in 1949.向西扩展：决赛纽芬兰省于1949年加入该国。
Step toward Independence: In 1931 Britain officially granted self-government to
Canada. Canada finally became a fully independent nation in 1982 through the Constitution Act.走向独立：1931年，英国正式授予加拿大自治权。加拿大终于在1982年通过宪法法案成为一个完全独立的国家
2. 政治
(1) The legislature: The legislature of Canada is Parliament, which is modeled on the British Parliament and has two chambers. (2)The House of Commons is the more powerful body because only it can introduce bills involving taxation or the expenditure of public funds. (3)The Senate in Canada has 105 members who are
appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the prime minister.立法机关：加拿大的立法机关是议会，它模仿英国议会，有两个议院。（2） 下议院是更强大的机构，因为只有它才能提出涉及税收或公共资金支出的法案。（3） 加拿大参议院有105名成员，由总督根据总理的建议任命。
(2)The Executive: ① The Governor-General， who is appointed by the monarch in consultation with the prime minister, has a largely ceremonial role.
② The Governor-General formally summons and dissolves parliament, gives royal
assent to bills passed by Parliament, and performs other executive functions.
2）行政长官：①总督由君主与首相协商任命，在很大程度上起着仪式性的作用。
② 总督正式召集和解散议会，批准议会通过的法案，并履行其他行政职能
The judiciary in Canada is independent of other governmental authorities. The
Supreme Court of Canada,4established by the federal government in 1875, is the country's highest court.加拿大的司法独立于其他政府当局。加拿大最高法院由联邦政府于1875年设立，是加拿大的最高法院。

Part 4 澳大利亚概况
Chapter 19 国土与人民 Land and People
1. 地理
Australia is located to the south of Asia. To the west is Indian Ocean. To the east
is the Pacific Ocean. Although Australia is not a large continent, it is the world’ s sixth largest country.澳大利亚位于亚洲南部。西面是印度洋。东面是太平洋。虽然澳大利亚不是一个大大陆，但它是世界上第六大国家。
Australia can be divided into three basic geographical regions. They are the Western
Plateau, the Eastern Highlands (or Great Dividing Range) and the Central Lowlands.澳大利亚可分为三个基本地理区域。它们是西部高原、东部高原（或大分水岭）和中部低地。
2.气候 Climate
Two thirds of the continent is hot and dry, that's why most people live along the
coasts for the cool and wet weather.大陆上三分之二的地区又热又干，这就是为什么大多数人都住在沿海地区以适应凉爽潮湿的天气。
The climate has a great effect on vegetation. The hot, dry conditions that are found over most of the continent are suitable for small plants such as grasses and shrubs
rather than forests.气候对植被有很大的影响。大陆大部分地区炎热干燥的气候条件适合种植小草和灌木，而不是森林。
Most Australians do not know their continent very well because they live on the
cool,wet and forested southeast coastland.大多数澳大利亚人不太了解他们的大陆，因为他们生活在凉爽、潮湿和森林覆盖的东南沿海地区。
Drought is a fact of life in Australia. There have been nine major droughts since
European colonization in 1788.干旱是澳大利亚生活中的一个事实。自1788年欧洲殖民以来，已经发生了九次大干旱。
3. 动植物
Marsupials are animals whose babies are raised in a bag of skin called a pouch on the mothers belly.The country’s famous marsupials are kangaroos.有袋动物是一种动物，它们的宝宝被养在妈妈身上被称为育儿袋的皮肤袋里肚子。那个这个国家著名的有袋类动物是袋鼠。
Australia is rich in unique species of animals and plants because of millions of years of isolation from Asia.由于与亚洲隔绝数百万年，澳大利亚拥有丰富的独特动植物物种。
4.人口
Europeans: At its founding in the late 1700s, Australia was a prison colony.
欧洲人：在18世纪末建立时，澳大利亚是一个监狱殖民地。
About 6  of Australians are of Asia descent.大约6名澳大利亚人是亚洲人后裔
The most widespread religion in Australia is Christianity.澳大利亚最普遍的宗教是基督教

Australia has been highly successful in international sporting competitions — far
more so than might be expected from its relatively small population澳大利亚在国际体育比赛中的成功率可能远超预期
Sports history was the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne and Australia began scoring victories in Davis Cup tennis.体育史上是1956年在墨尔本举行的夏季奥运会，澳大利亚开始在戴维斯杯网球赛中取得胜利。
The swimming styles known as the crawl and the butterfly stroke were invented by Australians.爬行和蝶泳是澳大利亚人发明的游泳方式。
5.文化
Australia Day is celebrated on January 26 to commemorate the arrival of the British
First Fleet at Sydney Cove in 1788.澳大利亚日在1月26日庆祝，以纪念1788年英国第一舰队抵达悉尼湾。
Anzac Day is celebrated throughout Australia on April 25 to honor war veterans.澳大利亚全国都在4月25日庆祝澳新军团日，以纪念退伍军人。
Patrick White is the first Australian to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1973.帕特里克·怀特是1973年第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的澳大利亚人。
6. 主要城市
The three largest cities: Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane—are located on the
eastern and southeastern coasts. Canberra is the only major city of Australia not located on a coast.三大城市：悉尼、墨尔本和布里斯班位于东部和东南沿海。堪培拉是澳大利亚唯一一个不在海岸线上的大城市。
Sydney, the state capital of New South Wales, is home to Australia's largest population. As the federal capital of Australia, Canberra balances the power
between two population centers of Sydney and Melbourne.悉尼是澳大利亚南部人口最多的州首府悉尼。作为澳大利亚的联邦首都，堪培拉在悉尼和墨尔本这两个人口中心之间保持着平衡。
Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, is Australia’s second largest city in
terms of population.维多利亚州首府墨尔本是澳大利亚人口第二大城市。
Chapter 20 History, Government and Economy
知识点内容
1.历史
Australia was first founded by the English government as a prison colony in the 1700s.澳大利亚最早是在18世纪由英国政府作为监狱殖民地建立的。
In 1851 the discovery of gold drew thousands of new immigrants to Australia.1851年，黄金的发现吸引了成千上万的新移民来到澳大利亚。
The ancestors of Aborigines in Australia came from Asia.
澳大利亚土著人的祖先来自亚洲。
In 1770, the British captain James Cook landed in southeastern Australia near what Is now Sydney and claimed the land for Britain. He named it New South Wales.

1770年，英国船长詹姆斯·库克在澳大利亚东南部靠近现在的悉尼登陆，并声称这片土地属于英国。他把它命名为新南威尔士州。
By the late 1800s the six separate colonies each had an elected assembly. In 1901
they became states when they joined together to form a federation.到19世纪末，六个独立的殖民地都有选举产生的议会。1901年，他们联合起来组成联邦，成为各州。
2．政治
In Australia the Constitution can be changed only by referendum. In Australia a referendum proposal cannot become law unless it is approved by an absolute majority
of electors and by a majority of electors in a majority of the States.在澳大利亚，宪法只能通过公民投票来修改。在澳大利亚，公民投票提案除非得到绝对多数选民和大多数州大多数选民的批准，否则不能成为法律。
Britain's monarch is also formally Australia's and is represented in Australia by
the Governor-General and six state governors.英国的君主在形式上也是澳大利亚的君主，在澳大利亚由总督和六个州州长代表。
The British Monarch is still the head of state in Australia. Australia is independent
but still has constitutional links with Britain.英国君主仍然是澳大利亚的国家元首。澳大利亚是独立的，但与英国仍有宪法上的联系。
The Executive Branch: The executive is the Australian federal government. The prime minister is actual leader of the government.行政部门：行政部门是澳大利亚联邦政府。首相是政府的实际领导人。
The South Australian government was the first in the world to adopt suffrage for
all adult males.南澳大利亚政府是世界上第一个对所有成年男性实行选举权的政府。
政党：The Australian Labor Party is the oldest party in Australia.澳大利亚工党是澳大利亚历史最悠久的政党。
3．经济
Wheat is Australia’s primary crop, for both domestic consumption and exports.
小麦是澳大利亚的主要作物，国内消费和出口都需要小麦。
The largest component of the Australian economy is service sector.澳大利亚经济的最大组成部分是服务业。